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EN
This paper presents the relationship between changes in production factors and selected production conditioning. Due to the type of data used, the analysis was based on a Kruskal-Wallis statistical test and the x2 test. This analysis determined the farmer's most manageable processes of change and their direct factors. The research findings should be used to develop effective instruments of regional policy towards agribusiness.
PL
Wydatki budżetowe są głównym instrumentem realizacji funkcji alokacyjnej finansów publicznych w odniesieniu do rolnictwa i rozwoju wsi, gdyż oddziałują na zasoby rolnictwa i procesy społeczno-gospodarcze zachodzące na wsi. Celem artykułu było określenie wpływu wydatków budżetowych na alokację czynników produkcji, tj. ziemi, pracy i kapitału w polskim rolnictwie w latach 1995–2016. W analizie uwzględniono wydatki budżetu krajowego na rolnictwo, rozwój wsi i rynki rolne, w tym wydatki na Kasę Rolniczego Ubezpieczenia Społecznego oraz wydatki z funduszy Unii Europejskiej kierowane na rzecz wsi i rolnictwa. Założono, że znaczący wzrost ujmowanych łącznie krajowych i unijnych wydatków budżetowych, związany z objęciem rolnictwa w Polsce instrumentami Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej, spowoduje zmiany w alokacji czynników wytwórczych w tym sektorze. Badania potwierdziły, że skokowy wzrost wydatków budżetowych na rolnictwo i rozwój wsi od 2004 r. spowodował pozytywne zmiany w tym zakresie. Alokacyjne efekty wzrostu wydatków budżetowych przyczyniły się do poprawy efektywności ekonomicznej czynników wytwórczych w rolnictwie, w tym do wzrostu produktywności ziemi oraz dochodowości pracy.
EN
Budget expenditures are the main instrument for the implementation of the allocation function of public finances with reference to agriculture and rural development, because of their influence on agricultural resources and socio-economic processes occuring in the rural areas. The purpose of the article was to determine the impact of budget expenditures on the allocation of production factors, (land, labor and capital) in the Polish agriculture in 1995–2016. The analysis took into consideration the expenses of the national budget for agriculture, rural development and agricultural markets, including expenditure on the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund and expenditure from European Union funds for rural areas and agriculture. It was assumed that a significant increase of domestic and EU budget expenditures in total, which was related to the provision of Polish agriculture with instruments of the Common Agricultural Policy, would result in changes in the allocation of production factors in this sector. The research confirmed that the significant increase in budget expenditure on agriculture and rural development since 2004 has contributed to positive changes in this area. The allocative effects of budget expenditure growth contributed to the improvement of the economic effectiveness of production factors in agriculture, including the increase of land productivity and profitability of work.
RU
Бюджетные расходы являются главным инструментом осуществления функции аллокации публичных финансов в сфере сельского хозяйства и развития сельской местности, так как оказывают влияние на ресурсы сельского хозяйства и социально-экономические процессы на селе. В статье ставится цель определить влияние бюджетных расходов на размещение факторов производства, т.е. земли, труда и капитала в польском сельском хозяйстве в 1995–2016 гг. В анализе были учтены расходы из отечественного бюджета на сельское хозяйство, развитие сельской местности и аграрные рынки, в том числе расходы на Кассу сельскохозяйственного социального страхования, а также расходы из фондов Евросоюза, направляемые в сельскую местность и сельское хозяйство. Авторы ставят тезис, что значительный рост суммарных бюджетных расходов Польши и Евросоюза, реализуемый в рамках Совместной аграрной политики ЕС, вызовет изменения в аллокации факторов производства в этом секторе. Исследования подтвердили, что рост бюджетных расходов на сельское хозяйство и развитие сельской местности с 2004 г. вызвал положительные изменения в этой области. Аллокационные эффекты роста бюджетных расходов способствовали улучшению экономической эффективности факторов производства в сельском хозяйстве, в том числе росту продуктивности земли и доходов от труда.
Littera Scripta
|
2016
|
issue 3
32-41
EN
Neural networks have recently been gaining popularity in the business practice. Research has even confirmed their better performance over traditional methods. This paper gives an overview of one of the types of neural networks, generalized regression neural networks. These are then used to establish a plan for the future sales of a company. However, generalized regression neural networks also have their drawbacks. They are oversized and have a long computation time. Despite these disadvantages the article searches for, based on data from the profit and loss accounts of the food company Friall, s.r.o. from the years 1995-2015, the dependence of revenues on production factors. 1000 random neural structures are generated, from which the 5 most appropriate are preserved using the method of least squares. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine how the individual production factors affect the firm's ability to generate revenue. The proposed neural network is potentially applicable in practice when compiling the financial plan of a company derived from the amount of sales.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the main body of the KLEMS growth accounting recently implemented in Poland. The works on the KLEMS productivity accounting in Poland started in 2013 and focused on areas such as the development of methodology and the availability and assessment of data. These efforts enabled preparing KLEMS data sets pertaining to the Polish economy and moreover proved that unavailable data can be effectively estimated. Additionally, interesting but complex and debatable results were obtained, such as labour hoarding together with remunerations' freezing around the 2009 crisis, accompanied by a natural drop in the capital contribution growth and an increase in the MFP contribution, which most probably indicated effective reorganizations in the economy. In the years 2012-2014, increasing labour and capital contributions did not fully translate into gross value added growth, which led to negative MFP growths, as these are calculated residually. This, however, changed completely in the last two years of the time span covered by the research, namely in 2015-2016. An industry-level analysis became also possible, showing that the Polish economy was developing dynamically and undergoing intensive modernisation, which was obtained, however, with a debatable contribution of the State. To study the debatable features of the Polish economy in a greater detail, a further decomposition of the labour factor growth into four sub-factor contributions instead of two sub-factor contributions was performed. This additional analysis confirmed that labour hoarding phenomenon specific for Poland contributed to a softer impact of the 2007-09 financial crisis on this country’s economy.
EN
Stanisław Głąbiński (1862–1941), economist and politician, and one of the main representatives of the historical trend, sought to develop the national school in the Polish economy. The nation and national idea were to become its starting point. By ‘people’ he meant the population in the political sense, i.e. the whole of society within the state, including the factions and national minorities. The subject of national economics is the national or social economy. It is the total unit of a higher order, including all the households in the country linked by ties of mutual dependence, both material and spiritual. Its purpose and subject is the society, the nation. Therefore, national economics is a social science. Production is characterized by a social dimension, its size determined by both economic and non-economic factors as well as moral and ethical ones. These two aspects are characteristic of the two categories associated with it, i.e. the social resources and factors of production. The category of social resources is similar to Frederick List’s concept of productive forces, meaning the production capacity of the nation, the power of producing wealth. Głąbiński divides them into moral and material resources, attaching more importance to the moral resources. They are the fullest expression of the nation’s culture condition, the nation’s moral level and they also provide stable social bonds. The concept of moral resources involves two production factors: entrepreneurship as well as knowledge and work. The material resources represent the earth (nature) and capital.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza zróżnicowania relacji i efektywności czynników produkcji, a także określenie całkowitej efektywności technicznej użytych w procesie produkcji czynników wytwórczych w zależności od wielkości zmian powierzchni obszarowej gospodarstw rolnych w latach 1996–2011. Do oceny efektywności wykorzystania czynników produkcji zastosowano cząstkowe wskaźniki produktywności i dochodowości. Ponadto do oszacowania całkowitej efektywności technicznej zastosowano metodę DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis). W latach objętych analizą dochód z gospodarstwa wzrósł średnio o 96,1%, przy czym największy wzrost dochodu odnotowano w gospodarstwach największych (135,5%). W tym czasie produkcja wzrosła średnio o 8,93%, a w gospodarstwach największych o 11,24%. Wobec dużego wzrostu dochodu wzrosła dochodowość czynników produkcji, natomiast produktywność ziemi i majątku trwałego pogorszyła się. Najwyższy wzrost wskaźnika efektywności technicznej DEA-VRS (12,2%), stwierdzono w gospodarstwach, które w latach 1996–2011 w największym stopniu powiększyły powierzchnię (grupa VI).
EN
The analysis of differentiation of relations and production efficiency factors as well as determination of the total technical efficiency of production factors used in the process of production depending on the volume of changes of farms field area in the years 1996–2011. Partial productivity and profitability ratios have been applied in the assessment of the effectiveness of use of the production factors. More’over, to assess the total technical efficiency, the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method has been applied. In the years covered by the analysis, the farm income increased on average by 96,1%, the highest income’s increase was in the biggest farms, increase by 135,5%. At that time production increased on average by 8,93%, and in the biggest farms by 11,24%. Due to the fact of big income’s increase, there increased the profitability of the production factors, while land and fixed assets’ productivity got worse. The highest increase of the technical effectiveness rate DEA-VRS was reached by farms which in the years 1996–2011 increased their area to the biggest extent (group VI), efficiency’s improvement by 12,2%.
EN
The generally adopted view is that the gross-output-based MFP is the most correct in terms of methodology, and the value-added-based MFP is its imperfect substitute performed when some data are missing. In this paper, however, performing both of them and comparing their results is proposed as a valuable means to studying the development of outsourcing in the economy. The paper presents the elaboration of the methodology for the latter, which is its main contribution to the field. The case of the Polish economy is used as an applicative example (covering the period between 2005 and 2016), as KLEMS growth accounting has recently been implemented in Poland. The results demonstrate that around the year 2011, the expansion of outsourcing ceased. Since outsourcing was one of the main processes of the Polish transition, this observation can be considered as an indication of the maturing of the market economy in Poland. Moreover, KLEMS growth accounting makes it possible to study this issue through NACE activities, i.e. at the industry level. It shows that manufacturing (section C of NACE) is predominantly responsible for the situation described above, which is the main empirical finding of the study. The dominant role of manufacturing is also confirmed by some other sectoral observations of lesser importance. The methodology developed in this paper can potentially be applied to other countries for which both kinds of MFP are performed.
EN
The purpose of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the competitiveness of the EU and the US economies, in a systemic framework, that is, with respect to the main components of country’s economic system that determine its competitiveness. The analysis is based on the systemic framework of economic competitiveness and growth, developed by T.J. Hämäläinen. The analysis of the available data indicates that the US achieved better results in six of the seven study areas, that is: 1) productive resources; 2) innovation and diffusion; 3) organizational efficiency of the economic system; 4) product market characteristics; 5) institutional framework; 6) government policy and activities. As far as the EU is concerned, it has potentially bigger opportunities to benefit from the greater (than in the US) involvement of foreign investors on its market. However, this is not a factor that can compensate for the UE’s weaknesses in other areas. It will be extremely difficult to improve the international competitiveness of the EU without introducing significant changes, that is in particular, without significant improvement of the organizational efficiency and without – even partial – resignation from (so characteristic for the EU member states) policy of maintaining high government spending (in relation to GDP).
EN
The aim of the study was to identify and examine an elasticity of relations between production factors (land, labour, capital) and incomes gained by using the above mentioned factors at farms of four macro-regions FADN, i.e.: Pomorze and Mazury, Wielkopolska and Śląsk, Mazowsze and Podlasie, Małopolska and Pogórze. Production function models of Cobb-Douglas (C-D) were assessed for every macro-region for years: 2010, 2011 and 2012. The survey shows that in all macro-regions as well as in all surveyed years, elasticity coeffi cient of total net added value was higher than 1 which means increasing incomes in scale. Increase of net added value in three among four surveyed macro-regions depended mainly on land factor while labour input (excluding Mazowsze and Podlasie where labour factor was important) and fi xed assets factor appeared to be of least importance.
PL
Celem pracy jest ocena elastyczności związków między czynnikami produkcji (ziemi, pracy i kapitału), a uzyskanymi w wyniku ich zastosowania dochodami w gospodarstwach rolnych czterech makroregionów FADN, tj. Pomorze i Mazury, Wielkopolska i Śląsk, Mazowsze i Podlasie oraz Małopolska i Pogórze. Dla każdego makroregionu oszacowano w tym celu modele funkcji typu Cobba-Douglasa (C-D) dla 2010, 2011 oraz 2012 roku. Z badań wynika, że we wszystkich regionach oraz we wszystkich badanych latach współczynnik elastyczności ogólnej wartości dodanej netto był wyższy od 1, co oznacza rosnące przychody ze skali. Wzrost wartości dodanej netto w 3 spośród 4 badanych makroregionów zależał przede wszystkim od czynnika ziemi, mniejszy wpływ miały nakłady pracy (poza regionem Mazowsze i Podlasie, gdzie ich znaczenie było największe), a w najmniejszym stopniu we wzroście tej kategorii dochodowej partycypowały aktywa trwałe
EN
The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that performing gross value added growth decompositions in four variants makes it possible to deepen the observation of economic processes. These variants have been obtained on the basis of two fundamental dichotomies. The first of them involved performing a decomposition of the gross value added growth into the contributions of production factor remunerations, and, in parallel, a decomposition into the contributions of production factor stocks and total factor productivity (TFP). The second dichotomy involved performing separate but parallel decompositions for employees and for employed persons. The devised methodology made it possible to perform computations for the years 2001–2015 at the aggregate level, according to NACE sections, according to voivodships and according to both the NACE sections and the voivodships. The decompositions were performed basing on Statistics Poland’s data from the Bank of Local Data and the National Accounts. The presented results confirm that performing decompositions according to the two above-mentioned dichotomies makes it possible to deepen the analyses of the economic growth, which is especially important in the regional aspect.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wykazanie, że wykonanie dekompozycji przyrostu wartości dodanej brutto w czterech wariantach umożliwia pogłębienie obserwacji procesów zachodzących w gospodarce. Warianty te uzyskano na podstawie dwóch zasadniczych dychotomii. Pierwsza dotyczyła dekompozycji na kontrybucje wynagrodzeń czynników produkcji z jednej strony oraz na kontrybucje zasobów czynników produkcji i ich produktywności (total factor productivity – TFP) z drugiej strony. Druga polegała na wykonaniu dekompozycji równolegle dla zatrudnionych oraz dla pracujących. Opracowana metodologia umożliwiła dokonanie obliczeń dla lat 2001–2015 na poziomie zagregowanym według sekcji PKD, województw oraz jednocześnie sekcji i województw. Przeprowadzono je na podstawie danych z Banku Danych Lokalnych i rachunków narodowych GUS. Wyniki potwierdzają, że wykonanie dekompozycji według ww. dychotomii umożliwia pogłębienie analiz wzrostu gospodarczego, co jest szczególnie istotne w aspekcie regionalnym.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy dekompozycji wartości dodanej brutto na kontrybucje wynagrodzeń czynników pierwotnych. Zaprezentowana metodologia — dzięki przyjęciu założeń wynikających z dostępności danych GUS — umożliwiła zrealizowanie szerokich przeliczeń danych dla lat 2001—2012 nie tylko dla zagregowanej polskiej gospodarki, ale także według sekcji PKD, województw oraz jednocześnie sekcji i województw. Dekompozycję wykonano na podstawie danych z Banku Danych Lokalnych (BDL) oraz z rachunków narodowych GUS wykorzystanych w badaniu dotyczącym rachunku produktywności KLEMS. Na koniec zaproponowano kontynuację badań mającą na celu pełniejsze dekompozycje, umożliwiające m.in. wyznaczenie TFP (total factor productivity).
EN
The article is about gross value added (GVA) decompositions into contributions of labour and capital compensations. Owing to the CSO’s data availability some simplifying assumptions were made in the research methodology. It allowed to perform massive data computations for the years 2001—2012 not only at the aggregate level of the Polish economy, but also at particular NACE-section and voivodship levels. Decomposition was based on data from the Local Data Bank and the CSO’s national accounts, which were used in the research concerning the KLEMS Productivity Accounts. Finally, a continuation of this research is suggested towards carrying out decompositions that would allow to extract Total Factor Productivity (TFP).
PL
The article presents the origins of the KLEMS Growth and Productivity Accounts, that is descendant from the Solow’s well known economic growth decomposition. They discuss further the methodological details of the Accounts, present the international context and the implementation aspects of the KLEMS Growth and Productivity Accounts in Poland, that is actually being performed in the Central Statistical Office of Poland (CSO). They focus on the specific data environment for this productivity accounts in Poland. Specific techniques of data pre-calculation are presented for the two primary factors — labour and capital.
RU
В статье рассматривается происхождение и состояние счета производительности KLEMS. Были сообщены методологические детали счета, был представлен также его международный контекст и аспекты использования в польских условиях. Было отмечено, что учетная запись проводится в ЦСУ. Авторы представили доступность данных, используемых для счета в Польше, а также представили метод включения в эти счета труда и капитала.
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