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EN
The author presents the results of historical literary research on Marian Czuchnowski. Analysis of interviews and conversations with Czuchnowski show him to be a rebel and revolutionary poet. The author describes his turbulent life prior to 1939. During this time his concern for the people prompted him to call for mass gatherings in the countryside, for which he was frequently arrested. The author traces the development of his literary talent, starting with the rebellious poetry of his youth, and tracks his career through the 1930s. She discusses his cooperation with pre-World War Two publications and literary groups. She presents the wartime experiences of Czuchnowski, who left literary traces of his journey through Russian forced labour camps, Iran, Palestine and Egypt, to London. The author also examines the poet’s works to analyse his London period – initially filled with success, but becoming harder with time. The writer’s bibliography constitutes a valuable addition to the text.
EN
Was Jesus a deviant? The abnormals who are legislators of the world in Florian Znaniecki's conceptionThe aim of this article is to remind us the still current conception of ‘deviants’ by the classical sociologist – Florian Znaniecki. Znaniecki has distinguished three types of people: normal, ‘subnormal’ and ‘overnormal’. Normal people are just ordinary people who live according to social rules and norms. The ‘subnormals’ are, simply speaking, different types of offenders. And the ‘overnormals’ are the people who enrich their socio-cultural system. ‘Deviants’ are extreme and the most interesting type of ‘sub’ - and ‘overnormal’ people. They are the men of genius, such as Socrates, Jesus Christ, Descartes, Napoleon, Lenin and Piłsudski. They are often perceived as anarchists and in fact they transform the social order totally or at least the way of thinking about it. We can take a risk with the idea that the future always depends on ‘deviants’.
EN
Partly a tramp and partly an outcast, the hobo as a character in Laurent Gaudé's imagination and fiction is a multi-faceted figure, a metaphor for modern world crisis. Resorting to a sort of primitive morality, he elects to break away from a universe of exclusion, alienating individuals to the point of stripping them off of their humanity and he ultimately becomes a hobo. His wanderings become a form of resistance to repressive normality and the Gaudean tramp evolves into a social rebel figure.
PL
Autor prezentuje różnice w poglądach i wartościach ideologii lewicowej i prawicowej. Odwołując się do tradycyjnego, dychotomicznego podziału pokazuje zupełnie inne założenia, podejścia do konkretnych spraw i cele obu ideologii. Odnosząc się do deklaracji młodzieży przedstawia portret młodych Polaków, którzy w zdecydowanej większości nie potrafią określić swoich preferencji ideologicznych. Nieliczni młodzi jednak należą do partii, stowarzyszeń, grup politycznych czy ruchów społecznych. W artykule rekonstruowane są propozycje wysuwane przez dwie, znane i popularne młodzieżowe organizacje o wyrazistych ideowych preferencjach. Autor opisuje ich krytyczny stosunek do demokracji a także wysuwane propozycje jej naprawy. Oba środowiska, mimo iż, upominają się stale o „urzeczywistnienie” demokracji, walczą o zupełnie inny porządek społeczny.
EN
The author presents differences in the views and values of the left and right wing ideologies. He shows the variety of assumptions and attitudes towards specific issues and goals by referring to the traditional, dichotomous distinction. The author focuses on the political identifications of the youth according to their declarations. Most of them are politically alienated and unable to clearly define their political views. Few are members of political parties, political organizations or social movements. The article presents reconstructed proposals and values of two, well-known youth political associations. Both have radical and distinct ideological preferences. The author analyses their critical attitudes towards democracy and a recipe for its deficits. Despite their stand for the true realization of democracy, both groups fight for different social order
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