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Ogólne zasady wymiaru kar kanonicznych

100%
Nafalska E.
Kościół i Prawo
|
2014
|
issue 3 (16) nr 2
129-147
EN
The fundamental mission of the Church, founded by Christ, is to bring people to salvation. The road to salvation, however, is based on the imitation of Christ and respecting the rights laid down by Him. Therefore, „The Church has the innate and proper right to coerce offending members of the Christian faithful with penal sanctions” (can. 1311). Law and penalties are intended to protect the common good of both, the Church, and its members. They are established only when: „they are truly necessary to provide more suitably for ecclesiastical discipline” (can. 1317). This is due to the fact, that the penalties in the Church, are the last element − extrema ratio − used in the pastoral care of the faithful. This article is devoted to issues related to: entitlement of the Church to impose pe-nalties, criminalization of offenses effected by intentional fault, forms of penalties applicable in the Church and obligation to respect the ecclesiastical penalties.
2
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Prerogatywa diakona przejściowego do święceń prezbiteratu. Przyczyny i konsekwencje (kan. 1030 KPK)

100%
Trojanowski B.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
|
2022
|
vol. 31
|
issue 2
145-157
EN
The legislator confirms the existence from God’s establishment of right of the faithful to the sacraments. This is due to their very nature. There is also the right of the faithful to freely choose their state of life. However, these laws do not prejudge the sacrament of Holy Orders. Because the Church must be free to choose candidates for ordination. Therefore, both the Code of Canon Law and the non-code documents before and after its promulgation confirm that there is no right to ordination. However, can. 1030 of the Code of Canon Law confirms that in a special legal situation there are transitional deacons who cannot be forbidden to ordain the presbyterate without a canonical reason. This legal status can be described as the “prerogative” of the transitional deacons. The reason for this special legal position is that justice is ensured in the Church and that there is no arbitrariness in decisions to admit to the presbyterate of transitional deacons who have been recognized as worthy of the diaconate, and no reasons have been found that would prevent them from receiving ordination to the presbyterate degree. The consequence of such a prerogative is the possibility of seeking justice through recourse prescribed by law.
3

Kilka uwag o pojęciu klienta podmiotu rynku finansowego

100%
Młynarski T.
Prawo Asekuracyjne
|
2018
|
vol. 1(94)
34-49
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę wybranych zagadnień związanych z definicją klienta podmiotu rynku finansowego, które są szczególnie ważne dla praktyki rynku ubezpieczeniowego. Przedstawiono w nim genezę i ratio legis pojęcia klienta podmiotu rynku finansowego. Omówiono też zawarty w ustawie o rozpatrywaniu reklamacji katalog zawierający wyliczenie osób, którym przysługuje ten status, w aspekcie dotyczącym rynku ubezpieczeniowego. W artykule podjęte zostały ponadto szczególnie problematyczne kwestie związane z ustaleniem kręgu osób, którym winno przysługiwać miano klienta podmiotu rynku finansowego, jak bezpośrednia likwidacja szkód, przejście praw z umowy ubezpieczenia oraz regres ubezpieczeniowy.
EN
The article contains an analysis of selected issues related to the definition of the customer of a financial market operator, which are of vital importance for the insurance market practice. The origins and ratio legis of the concept of the customer of a financial market organisation have been presented. Moreover, the author discusses a directory comprising the list of persons enjoying this status in terms of the insurance market, which is included in the Act on handling of complaints. Furthermore, the article raises particularly problematic issues connected with the determination of the circle of persons who should be treated as customers of financial market operators, such as direct claims settlement, assignment of rights under an insurance contract as well as insurance recourse.
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