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EN
The article is an analysis of selected aspects of translation of the book Kwiatki Jana Pawła II [The Little Flowers of John Paul II] – a collection of stories and anecdotes showing the events from the life of Karol Wojtyla – Pope John Paul II – into the Russian language. The analysis is undergo manners of evocation of a particular, intended by the addressee effect of communication in a certain socio-cultural situation in Russia.
PL
The author has been for a longer time making excerpts from church hymns used in Roman Catholic priests’ prayers (breviaries) and liturgy, as well as in church songs. The excerpted material relates to (artistic) designations of Mother of God, Christ, Holy Ghost, and the Saints (cf. footnotes in the article). In this way, the article describes the names of persons in the Holy Trinity. The collection is of use as philological documentation, for historical research in European and Polish piety, and as help for preachers, religious instructors, and Christian literary authors.
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PL
The author has been for a longer time making excerpts from church hymns used in Roman Catholic priests’ prayers (breviaries) and liturgy, as well as in church songs. The excerpted material relates to (artistic) designations of Mother of God, Christ, Holy Ghost, and the Saints (cf. footnotes in the article). In this way, the article describes the names of persons in the Holy Trinity. The collection is of use as philological documentation, for historical research in European and Polish piety, and as help for preachers, religious instructors, and Christian literary authors.
EN
In this article we will focus on the use of address pronouns and some ritual formulas in religious language, in the way one address to the Deity, meant as a living presence, absent or depicted in the icons, analyzing some prayers or parts of prayers, of psalms etc. in the Orthodox or Catholic rite, in Romanian, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, insisting on the use of the mystical and intimate address pronoun TU. We also refer to some greetings and other ritualistic forms which came forward in ceremonious situations.
Studia Slavica
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 2
137-150
EN
The following article is a linguistic analysis of the nominalization of the second person of the Holy Trinity. It shows the linguistic metamorphoses of addressing Christ by the means of description. In the Carmelites’ manuscripts there are multitude of descriptions, both singular and multicomponent, metaphorical. Therefore, to reveal their variety and multicipity at least partially, they have been divided into five categories: single-word nouns, two-word defined descriptions in three patterns: noun + pronoun, noun + noun, noun + adjective, and multicomponent metaphorical descriptions. The article shows the changeability of addressing Christ in individual texts from the 17th-century Carmelites’ manuscripts, with the emphasis on the subject-matter they deal with (from Christmas texts to Lent ones).
EN
Pope Francis in his short and precise message has demonstrated the right language for communicating faith to the present world. This is the language of the evangelistic kerygma which focuses on the most essential and important things, thus kindling joy: “The joy of the Gospel fills the hearts and lives of those who meet Jesus” (Evangelii Gaudium, 1). It proves that not many words are needed to say what is fundamental for salvation, i.e. that God has a wonderful plan for man, who as a sinner, needs conversion and faith; that “the most important is the offer of God’s kingdom (Lk 4:43); the point is to love the God who is ruling the world”. Yes, Jesus’ objective is to establish the kingdom of His Father; and therefore He tells His disciples: “go, preach this message: ‘The kingdom of heaven is near” (Mt 10:7; see also EG 180). Preaching “the [eternal] gospel to those who live on the earth to every nation, tribe, language and people” (Rev 14:6) is still creating wonder and enthusiasm, is calling us forth to a search for new methods and means of expression (including the multimedia) without forgetting the necessary dialogue, testimony and mission among those who have never heard or become indifferent to its truth, goodness and beauty!
PL
Polish linguistic research into religious language has been developing dynamically after 1988. From the beginning, they have been conducted in a wide context, and although the process of their integration is limited, it has been consistently advancing. The research in religious language in the last fifteen years have concentrated in two tightly cooperating research centres: Kraków and Poznań. Religious language, as discussed in studies published there, is widely understood as a variety of standard language used in all situations related to the sacrum. The results of research initiated and conducted by the Zespół Języka Religijnego [Religious Language Group] and the proceedings of conferences organized by the Department of the Grammar of Contemporary Polish Language of the Institute of Polish Philology at the Adam Mickiewicz University, are published in a Teolingwistika series, and in continuing volumes of Język religijny dawniej i dziś [Religious Language Now and in History]. Researchers in religious language set many tasks for themselves. They search for reasons for the contemporary crisis of religious language in Poland. They are also faced with the fact that there is no dictionary of religious language, and no synthetic study that would describe religious language in a historical perspective. Researchers also want to investigate the language of young religious persons, and of new evangelism, and the influence of contemporary media on the ongoing changes in religious communication. It is particularly important that the research is not limited to the religious language used in Catholic Church in Poland.
EN
The work presents a preliminary proposal for a model of confrontative study of the language of Orthodoxy and Catholicism. A confrontative study refers to a type of comparison in which the objects being compared are equal, that is, the description of none of them is initial. Equality of the studied objects is achieved with the help of tertium comparationis, understood as an intermediary language, consisting of units of meaning and relations between them (compatibility rules). When comparing language denomination codes, the intermediary language is built at the level of the text – its units are genres that appear in religious texts. At the first stage of comparison, directed from meaning to form, a list of genres in the field of two types of texts is determined: analytically-systematizing and empirical. This division is basic from the point of view of semantics and language form, and thus from the point of view of observation and analysis methods. At this stage, several genres are examined and compared in terms of the concepts and their content that are  fundamental to the texts of a given genre, as well as from the point of view of intertextuality essential for religious discourse: references to the Holy Scriptures, Traditions (for example Church Fathers) and dogma. Also at this stage, the processes occurring in the field of the list of genres are investigated: the emergence of new genres and modification of the existing ones. At the second stage, the object of comparison, directed from form to meaning, is the linguistic characteristic of genres in two aspects: the presence and intensity offeature of the biblical language in lexis, morphology, syntax in a given genre, and its own feature of lexis, morphology, and syntax of individual genres. At this stage, processes in the field of form are also taken into account and relate to the linguistic differentiation of the sacred and secular in Orthodoxy and Catholicism.
EN
Titles are regarded as part of the delimitation frame and, therefore, as part of the structural aspect of the genre of Stations of the Cross. The purpose of the paper is to describe changes that took place during the 20th century, which was a period of particularly turbulent changes in the religious discourse. The study is based on material of about 200 texts dealing with this religious service, published between the beginning of the 20th century and the present day. Throughout the last century, the most common title was the simple genological term ‘Stations of the Cross’. At the beginning of the analyzed period, however, also longer titles, extensively informing about the content of the text, were fairly frequent. At the same time, they were also persuasive titles, because of the use of explicitly valuating lexis. Those titles gradually gave way to the use of laconic genological names as titles. After the Second Vatican Council, there were many variants of the service adapted to different audiences and various communication situations, which was reflected in the titles. Recently a new type of titles has appeared, whose purpose is to attract attention of the recipient. They are often based on puzzles, contrast, allusions, etc. Consequently, the receiver gets satisfaction from deciphering a puzzle or finding the source of the given quote or allusion. These phenomena are well-known in studies on language of the press, fiction and advertising, but – at the same time – this overlaps with current trends in the so-called new evangelization. In the entire period studied, the titles played an informative and impressive (or more precisely: persuasive) function. Persuasiveness intensified particularly at the beginning and towards the end of the analyzed period.
EN
The article presents the issues of mystical language in the book The Dark Night St. John of the Cross. The analysis of the material shows rich repertoire of linguistic forms used by the author. The characteristics of mystical language: expression, simple syntax, dialogue, subjectivity, persuasion, symbolism and ambiguity.
Open Theology
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2014
|
vol. 1
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issue 1
EN
The paper argues from the perspective of a significant strand of interpretation of Aquinas and from insights in cognitive linguistics that a fruitful dialogue between Whitehead and Thomism needs to take into account that metaphysics and talk about God are metaphorical and analogical all the way down. Cognitive linguistics provides an explanatory scheme for explaining how Aquinas’s tectonic use of analogy shifts the ground of our conventional fields of meanings to create space to conceptualize what otherwise would be beyond grasp and to make inferences possible that otherwise would be unthinkable. The essay concludes with a question, admittedly from a particular trajectory of Thomism and cognitive linguistics, about whether Whitehead’s conception of God adequately accounts for the radically metaphorical “imaginative leap” entailed in the Christian conception of God.
EN
The article is part of general research on religious language. This article focuses mainly on describing selected features of religious style in pastoral letters in the nineteenth century. The linguistic material was a collection of nineteen thematically diverse pastoral letters written by bishops of the Diocese of Kujawy and Kalisz in the years 1819-1881. Analyzing the language of those letters, special attention is devoted to the religious lexis and phraseology, including terminology, as well as the presence of pragmatically oriented rhetorical devices, like addressative forms, speaker-listener relations, normative vocabulary and superlative forms.
EN
The article is an attempt to present the linguistic image of the notion of “evangelization”, namely its cognitive structure in the Bible, in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, and in selected source texts, thematically related to the so-called new evangelization. It applies the method of description of the major aspects of a notion, which is used in ethnolinguistics. For evangelization, such aspects are: object and subject of evangelization; the place and time of evangelization; the ways and methods of evangelization; the circumstances related to the event of evangelization (conditions); the effective works of evangelization; the definitions of evangelization; the works focused on evangelization; the acts of evangelization; the features of evangelization; the phenomena related to evangelization; and what serves the purpose of evangelization. On the basis of the presented analysis, it is pointed out that during the last 20 years in the teachings of the Catholic Church’s evangelists the semantic range of the notion “evangelization” has changed.
EN
Up till now two fundamental concepts of faith (religion) and knowledge (science) have been used in Christianity. In this way the Greek tradition, and especially old-Christian one, is followed, the tradition that distinguished the world of knowledge that is a product of the cognizing mind from the world of revelation that accepts God's non-scientific gift. Christianity’s whole effort was directed at indicating the differences between science and revelation, and then at showing harmony, or at least non-contradiction, between them. This is why Anton Grabner-Haider (*1940), an Austrian philosopher of religion, had to take into consideration also the world of thought comprising science and the world of the experience of faith, including revelation. In turn, he presented the mutual relations between these worlds, understanding science on the ground of the neopositivist conception and faith on the ground of the Church’s popular contemporary understanding of faith. It is a pity he does not use the strictly theological concept of faith, and especially the more modern personalist conception, despite verbally referring to personalism. However, making modern attempts at shifting the problem of faith and knowledge as well as of their mutual relations onto the basis of the language is exactly Grabner-Haider’s achievement. In this way a new situation arises, in which not so much the world of ideas and thoughts opposes the world of religious experience and revelation, as the world of one or two languages does.
Stylistyka
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2017
|
vol. 26
229-250
EN
This paper analyses the notions of "religious language" and "religious style" and attempts to designate their interaction in Slavic teolinguistics. The criteria of description for the religious language and religious style are proposed. The work contains three main parts. In the first part, entitled "Religious style," the author, based on papers published since the 1990s, analyses the reasoning of Polish, Russian and Ukrainian linguists concerning religious style. In the process of analyzing similarities and differences in approaches, the aforementioned phenomena are compared. The author holds the opinion that religious style is a more functional style of the national language, the emergence of which is related to translations of liturgical texts into national languages. In the second part, entitled "Religious language," the problems relating to the study of religious language are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the fact that religious language is communicative means between the man and the God, and among believers, in which their own world-image is reflected. The author emphasises that religious language is a universal phenomenon concerning more than one language and more than one religion. This part raises issues of variability, stylistic, and genre differentiation of religious language. In the third part, entitled "Differentiation of the religious language: the correlation between 'religious language' and 'religious style,'" conclusions are drawn stating that the notions "religious language" and "religious style" are not synonymous and are connected to each other as the general and the particular. Religious language, as well as secular language, is unhomogeneous, and reveals the availability of variations and stylistic and genre differentiation. The styles and genres of religious language have a lot in common with the styles and genres of secular language, but at the same time they have their own specific features. In the conclusion, the author presents his own vision of the described problem and proposes the criteria of the integrated description of religious language.
EN
Research material analyzed in the article includes dictionaries devoted to religious contents available on Polish websites, with particular emphasis on publications related to the Roman Catholic faith (80 items). The aim of the Author is to try to present online religious dictionaries, showing their specificity and related problems. Characteristics include issues such as: 1) thematic scope of dictionaries (domination of the Bible teachings, liturgics and vocabulary typical for specific religious environments and communities); 2) original or secondary nature of the text (online dictionary as an electronic adaptation of a printed work or an independent creation); 3) structure and method of functioning of online dictionaries (text or hypertext; insufficient use of technical possibilities, e.g. connecting entries with a network of links); 4) Choice between a dictionary and an encyclopedia (type of information contained in head entries; alphabetical system typical for a dictionary as a convenient form of conveying any content; a need to study types of definitions); 5) Author’s intentions and stylistic tone of a dictionary (lack of objectivity in conveying information; making comments; persuasiveness in defining meanings, polemics, satire or a joke). Online dictionaries, similarly as most contents published on the Internet, cause problems concerning data reliability. It is also not supported by anonymity and a trend for copying, paraphrasing and moving texts, typical for the Internet.
EN
The research material comprises dictionaries of terms related to Catholicism, functioning on Polish websites. The aim of this lexicographical-nature study is the description of dictionary definitions, namely ways of defining meanings that appear in the online dictionaries collected. The author distinguishes 3 types of texts appearing in the section of the headword, in which a definition is traditionally placed: 1) information about what the headword means, tending to be balanced, provided in stylistically neutral vocabulary, sometimes with features of academic style – objective definitions; 2) information about the meaning of a word, supplemented by a humorous or satirical presentation of the designatum – subjective definitions; 3) Texts that replace a proper definition, connected to headwords in different ways – pseudo-definitions (failed definitions or comments). The number of dictionaries published on the Internet proves that the model of a dictionary as a way to share information is considered useful and attractive. The method of composing a definition, however, shows how different objectives are attributed to online dictionaries: not only should they impart knowledge about the language, but first of all describe the world and shape favorable or reluctant attitude of readers to religious issues.
PL
W artykule zostały przedstawiona analiza semantyczna kilkudziesięciu wybranych jednostek nazewniczych, którymi określano Ducha Świętego w historii polszczyzny. Korpus tekstów stanowiący podstawę tego opracowania to m.in.: Pismo Święte Starego i Nowego Testamentu, Katechizm Kościoła Katolickiego, prace teologiczne dotyczące Trzeciej Osoby Boskiej, teksty literackie od średniowiecza do współczesności, w tym tłumaczenia łacińskich hymnów Veni Creator Spiritus oraz Veni Sancte Spiritus na język polski, modlitewniki i śpiewniki, wypowiedzi współczesnych użytkowników języka polskiego. Współcześnie prototypowymi określeniami charakteryzowanej istoty duchowej są Duch Święty oraz Trzecia Osoba Trójcy Świętej. W centrum pojęcia DUCH ŚWIĘTY znajdują się jednostki nazewnicze Duch; Ożywiciel; Pan; Paraklet; Pocieszyciel; Stworzyciel Duch. Omówiono także osobliwe, rzadkie, okazjonalne, poetyckie jednostki nazewnicze, którymi w dziejach polszczyzny określano Ducha Świętego. W artykule zostały przedstawione również archaizmy oraz neologizmy nazewnicze używane w celu nazwania tej istoty duchowej.
EN
The article presents a semantic analysis of several dozen of naming units that have been used for referring to the Holy Spirit in the history of the Polish language. The corpus of texts constituting the basis of this study comprises The Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, The Catechism of the Catholic Church, theological works on the Third Divine Person, literary texts from the Middle Ages to the present day, including Latin hymns Veni Creator Spiritus and Veni Sancte Spiritus translated into Polish, prayer books, songbooks, and utterances of contemporary Polish speakers. Nowadays, the prototypical descriptions of the spiritual being under analysis are Duch Święty and Trzecia Osoba Trójcy Świętej. In the centre of the concept of the HOLY SPIRIT, there are such onomastic units as Duch; Ożywiciel; Pan; Paraklet; Pocieszyciel; Stworzyciel Duch. The paper also discusses peculiar, rare, occasional, and poetic names which have been employed to refer to the Holy Spirit in the history of the Polish language. Moreover, the article presents archaisms and neologisms used for naming this spiritual being.
EN
The aim of this article is to examine the issue of religious language within the framework of the discourse of Polish radicals in exile in the period 1828-1852. The first part defines the research question concerning the structures of discourses, types of arguments, and the meaning of key concepts. The next part sketches the development of religious language from the very beginning of the exile period (using the sojourn of Ludwik Królikowski and Bogdan Jański in Paris as an example) until the most elaborate stage of this discourse’s development in the 1840s. The third part touches upon different dimensions of religious language, its critics, the reasons for its use by its proponents, and the question of conceptual transfers from other linguistic contexts. In the conclusion I discuss the role of religious language as a medium of political modernization.
EN
The article presents prayer books which have been in circulation since the Second Vatican Council. A classic prayer book has a fixed structure and a formative character as it transmits a re-ligious outlook on life. It usually contains utterances written down in a hieratic style with elements of an official style. Modern prayer books do not have a fixed structure, even though, they retain the form of a silva (a collection of diverse genres). Their formative character consists in, either letting different subjects (saints or other moral authorities) speak, or in taking into account the worldview of an intended reader. This may lead to far-reaching stylistic openness consisting in the introduction of forms which are typical of given addressees’ community. Modern prayer books may adopt a colloquial style (including low registers), while their hieratic nature disappears.
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