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EN
The main aim of the paper is to assess possibilities of implementing behavioural approach and economic experiment in Polish studies in area of agricultural finance. There are two sub-goals: (i) highlighting methodology of economic experiment and indication of technical subtleties concerning agriculture; (ii) identification of potential areas of implementing behavioral approach and experiment in agriculture finance. The article verifies following thesis: economic experiment that was carefully planned and carried out, closely related to the behavioural approach , in addition to traditional research methods, contributes to clarification of more complex financial problems of agriculture. The article also presents the current state of research reffering to behavioral approach and economic experiment, as well as indication of potential areas of exploiting them in agricultural finance. Behavioural approach and economic experiment, complementary to traditional research methods , significantly enrich the research workshop of financiers. There are many limitations of using economic experiment. Both processes of integration of Polish financiers dealing with the agricultural sector and also establishment of cooperation beyond the rigid framework of research areas should be reinforced. Taking into account trends in development of modern economic sciences, behavioral finance with economic/financial psychology will play a more significant role in explaining financial processes of the agricultural sector.
EN
Paper presents results of research on professional advancement by young personnel in coal mining industry. The study involved occupational groups, both supervisors and workers, with short practice in coal mining industry. Lack of young, well qualified mining staff may result, in not so far perspective destabilize mining personnel as an effect of still existing generation gap, including a gap arising from lack of replacement of staff in dimension of their qualifications, competencies and professional skills. In this context, carrying out research on professional advancement as stabilization of young mining staff is important.
EN
The text presents the procedures and techniques of the research method aimed at “evoking the historical source”, which is understood as the researcher’s prepared and implemented scientifi-cally rigorous participation in the creation by a witness of history of such a reminiscence material that could be a carrier of information and would be subjected to rudimentary historical analysis. The text presents the defined assumptions and subsequent stages of the research procedure.
EN
The article reflects on the issue of the research method in public economic law.     In the first part, the concept of science is explained, which can be understood as     a process consisting in the systematised pursuit of knowledge of the truth for idealistic or utilitarian purposes. The starting point is K. Jaspers’ definition, according to which the concept of science contains three elements: methodical cognition (1), certainty of knowledge (2), universal validity (3). Each of the elements indicated    is then considered. Methodical cognition is to be distinguished from thought. The former is cognition of reality presupposing an awareness of the research method and its limitations. The latter is driven by intuition. The use of the method should be strongly linked to the research objective. The author then refers to the second defining element: certainty in the science of law. In his view, certainty is sought    in answers to questions about the content of the law in force. Secondly, certainty   is sought in the criteria evaluating the law and the results of this evaluation. The third element, i.e. universal validity, is related to the generally accepted methods of interpretation and the fundaments of law lying in human rights and the human dignity that is their source. The second part of the paper focuses on defining the research objective and  the adequacy of the method, referring to the dogmatic, historical and comparative methods that should aim at determination the law in force and its evaluation. In the third part of the article, a proposal for a research method in public economic law is presented, which consists of three elements: presenting the context of the research objective, applying the dogmatic method, and evaluating the law in force. In the last part, attention is drawn to the need for uprightness of life, and therefore ethos, as a condition for the ability to recognize what is just.
PL
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie klasyfikacji wybranych metod badawczych stosowanych w naukach pedagogicznych z próbą adaptacji do potrzeb badania przydatności zawodowej na gruncie pedagogiki pracy.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the classification of selected research methods used in pedagogical areas with an attempt to adapt them to the needs of professional suitability research on the basis of labour pedagogy.
6
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Case study (studium przypadku)

89%
EN
The article discusses case study with a focus on the history of the term and its transdisciplinary application, from medicine and sociology, through law, psychiatry, psychology, sexology, and literary studies. The author discusses the differences between case study as a genre (Brigit Lang, Joy Damousi, Alison Lewis, Yiannis Gabriel) and case study as a research strategy (Bent Flyvbjerg, Gerring John, Ryszard Nycz), which has been recently also employed in literary studies. Determining the scope and features of case study is accompanied by an analysis of description as a key tool in formulating “the story of the case.”
PL
Artykuł stanowi opracowanie hasła case study (studium przypadku) ze zwróceniem uwagi na historię terminu i jego transdyscyplinarne zastosowanie: wychodząc od medycyny i socjologii, przez prawo, psychiatrię, psychologię i seksuologię, kończąc na literaturoznawstwie. Autorka stara się zarysować rozróżnienie między studium przypadku jako formą gatunkową (Brigit Lang, Joy Damousi, Alison Lewis, Yiannis Gabriel) a studium przypadku jako strategią badawczą (Bent Flyvbjerg, Gerring John, Ryszard Nycz) – stosowaną od niedawna także w literaturoznawstwie. Wyznaczaniu zakresu oraz cech case study towarzyszy analiza opisu jako kluczowego narzędzia wspierającego przebieg „opowieści o przypadku”.
EN
The article is an attempt to reconstruct the field of German-language discourse studies and to analyse them critically. Owing to very strong references, in the discourse analysis models examined in the article, to Michel Foucault’s concept, they are regarded as post-Foucault. The authors present the main threads in German-language discourse studies: (1) approaches the objective of which is to formulate a theoretical-methodological basis of a post-Foucault discourse analysis (these are primarily “discipline-specific” schools of discourse analysis: linguistic and sociological, as well as the programme of the so-called critical discourse analysis); (2) “dispositive” approaches, which constitute a novelty in the debate over the discourse category and regard the dispositive category as a possibility of finding a supradiscursive “system.” The authors also reflect on the critical remarks about the various threads in the studies, including those formulated by scholars themselves. The main conclusion from the authors’ reconstruction is that there is a tendency in German-language discourse studies to understand the category of discourse quite narrowly, with regard to specific disciplines, and thus that there is a lack of an integrated and interdisciplinary model of discourse analysis.
EN
This article proposes a reflection on the usefulness of the autonarration method for research in language didactics and plurilingualism. Starting from a definition of the autonarration relating to the field of teaching / learning of languages and cultures, we then explain the specificity of the plurilingual competence to justify the choice of the autonarration as a method well adapted to the study of learning to aim at the development of such a competence. We then present the types of autonarration practised and their functions as well as possible difficulties for research. Our words are supported by examples of research whose purpose was to examine the impact of plurilingual competence in the teaching / learning languages.
EN
In the article the essence and peculiarities of the research teaching method usage in the training of future primary school teachers to the mathematics teaching is revealed. It is emphasized that the present reforms of the primary education system have influence on the future primary school teachers training so far as they should be ready to the new conditions of junior schoolchildren teaching. In is found out that one of the high school educational process modernization directions is the application of the problem of teaching technology, especially the research method, to the future primary school teachers' training. The functions of the research method such as the creative activity features forming; the creative knowledge learning organization; mastering of the scientific perception methods in the process of these methods search ensuring; interest and need in the creative activity forming, are ascertained. According to the functions the purpose of the research method is in the organization of the students' searching and creative activity connected with the problems and problem tasks solution organization. It is stated that by means of the research method of teaching the instructor systematically advances a research task problem as the students through their independent learning fulfil the creative search. It is stressed that the research method realization is the result of the research tasks fulfilling organised not only as a simple complex but as a system answering number of the didactical and methodological indexes. The research tasks are observed as partial searching tasks which need all or most of all stages of the research process passing as far as their solution integrity ensures the research method functions accomplishment. These stages mean: 1) facts and phenomena observation and study; 2) incomprehensible phenomena, which need investigation, clarification (the problem stating); 3) hypothesising; 4) the plan of the research composition; 5) this plan accomplishment; 6) the practical conclusions about the gained knowledge applying possibility and necessity. The peculiarity of the article is in the demonstration of the research method realization on the specific subject material during the course «Mathematics teaching technique» learning.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest „problematyce rodzinnej” w ujęciu eklezjalnym i społecznym. Głównym jego celem jest próba wypracowania koncepcji naukowego poszukiwania propozycji praktycznych rozwiązań aktualnych problemów związanych z rodziną i życiem jej członków. Niekwestionowana wartość rodziny w Kościele jest warunkowana wewnętrznymi przemianami samej rodziny, a jej rola w społeczeństwie w dużej mierze jest zależna od sytuacji zewnętrznej. W tym artykule chodzi przede wszystkim o dowartościowanie społecznego wymiaru problematyki rodzinnej w perspektywie teologii stosowanej. Jej głównym przedmiotem badań jest człowiek jako indywidualna, niepowtarzalna jednostka, która jednak może się prawidłowo rozwijać i realizować swoje powołanie osobowe, egzystencjalne, ale i chrześcijańskie w relacjach społecznych, w tym przede wszystkim w rodzinie, ale też we wspólnocie kościelnej. Do poznania zagadnień rodzinnych w teologii stosowanej można wykorzystać schemat eksploracyjnych badań, który polega na wykorzystaniu wyników krytycznej analizy prawdy objawionej do interpretacji wyników badań nauk świeckich w celu rozwiązywania konkretnych problemów współczesnych rodzin.
EN
The article is devoted to „family problematic” in the ecclesial and social perspective. Its main objective is an attempt to work out a scientific concept of seeking proposals for practical solutions to current problems connected with the family and the life of its members. The unquestionable value of the family in the Church is conditioned by the internal transformations of the family itself, while its role in society is largely dependent on the external situation. The article is devoted to „family problematic” in the ecclesial and social perspective. Its main objective is an attempt to work out a scientific concept of seeking proposals for practical solutions to current problems connected with the family and the life of its members. The unquestionable value of the family in the Church is conditioned by the internal transformations of the family itself, while its role in society is largely dependent on the external situation. This article is primarily concerned with appreciating the social dimension of family issues in the perspective of applied theology. Its main object of study is man as an individual, unique unit, who, however, can develop properly and realize his personal, existential and Christian vocation in social relations, including primarily the family, but also in the church community. To learn about family issues in applied theology, an exploratory research scheme can be used, which involves using the results of critical analysis of revealed truth to interpret the results of secular science research in order to solve specific problems of contemporary families.
EN
The article is devoted to research approaches in the biology education. The relevance of the study is due to the needs of increasing the quality of science education in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to determine the particular organization of research-oriented biology education and its application in schools. The methods of research are: analysis of domestic and foreign scientific and educational literature, comparison, analysis of the practice of training the future biology teachers in the Universities, generalization and systematization of the results. The author reveals the essence of the research approach and research method. We describe the use of research methods in the history of teaching methods of natural science of biology, analyze the methodological views of B. Raikov, K. Yahodovskii, O. Buldovskii and other scientists. Research method is considered by the scientists-methodologists to be one of the priorities in teaching the biology. The essence of the research method is that students acquire knowledge not by the teacher’s words but during the separate searching activity. The student is in the place of the researcher and has an opportunity to draw conclusions that are based on their own experiences and observations. The experience of research-oriented education in foreign countries has been analised. The inquire-based education is quite common in the science education of the United States and European countries (Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Poland). The ability to research activity is one of the key competences that is necessary to form in a secondary school. The main feature of student’s research ability is a subjective discovery of new knowledge. However, the survey of practicing educators determined that the research-oriented biology education in the secondary school is used enough. According to the research approaches we consider education as a learning model of science. The author describes research technology, indicates the main stages, describes the methodology of the study, compares it with the traditional methods of teaching. The author has found out that the inquire-based biology education contributes to the quality of science education by systematizing the knowledge of students to form their critical thinking and research skills to solve problems. The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of the research-based studing. The proposals for implementing the inquire-based biology education in schools have various types. The prospects for further researches are seen in developing the biology research tasks for the secondary school students
EN
In the article the theory of problem-based learning is revealed. This issue highlights the interpretation of scientists that treated problematic understanding of the functioning of the lesson in different ways, and had a direct impact on the problem situation cognitive activity and psychological state of the individual. Problem-based learning provides the opportunity to creative participation of students in the assimilation of new knowledge, the formation of cognitive interests and creative thinking, high degree of learning and motivation of students. The basis for this is a simulation of the creative process through the creation and management of problem situations in finding a solution. Awareness and solution of problem situations are optimal for independent learners, but under the supervision of a teacher in a joint interaction. The positions to identify problematic patterns of approach as the process of learning are analyzed: a new type of learning, teaching method, the principle of learning technology. The specific problem-search methods, including the method of problem exposition, part-search, and research methods in the teaching and learning of students are characterized. To create problem situation the teachers should have necessary knowledge of the types of problem situations and didactic tools. Classification of problem situations is made and their impact on the development of a successful young individual is determined. In particular, there are several ways to create problem situations and determine their types accordingly: the collision of students with life events, facts that require theoretical explanation; organization of practical work of students; prompting students to analyze the phenomena of life, leading them to clash with former general perceptions of life events; the formulation of hypotheses; prompting students to compare, generalize new facts with research tasks. A variety of types of problem issues demonstrates the importance of educational use, causes various ways to create them.Performance Technology of problem-based learning is that it helps to form a harmoniously developed creative personality, able to think logically, systematize and accumulate knowledge, capable of introspection, self-acquired ability to solve problem situations in the classroom to help solve them in independent life.
PL
Rosnące znaczenie opakowań produktów w komunikacji rynkowej pomiędzy producentami dóbr a ich konsumentami sprawia, że niezwykle ważna okazuje się właściwa dostępność zamieszczonych na nich informacji. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie metody TVScore, próba jej adaptacji do warunków krajowych oraz przeprowadzenie przy jej użyciu oceny oznakowania wybranych suplementów diety. Wybór tej grupy środków spożywczych do badań wynikał z takich czynników jak ciągle rosnąca sprzedaż tych produktów oraz wysoki poziom niezadowolenia konsumentów z ich oznakowania. Do oceny wytypowano dziewięć opakowań suplementów diety wspomagających odporność. Otrzymane wyniki pozwoliły na wskazanie, że w największej liczbie przypadków o niskiej dostępności oznakowania decydowała zbyt mała czcionka oraz połyskująca powierzchnia opakowań.
EN
In the light of the growing importance of product packaging in a producer’s communication with consumers, it is of the utmost importance that the information packaging is meant to convey be made as accessible as possible. The aim of this article was to introduce the TVScore method, adapt it to the conditions in Poland and implement with its use an assessment of the product labeling of chosen dietary supplements. This group was chosen for the research for several reasons, including the steady growth in sales the market has seen and the consistently low level of satisfaction consumers feel with regard to supplement packaging. Nine items were selected to evaluate the packaging of dietary supplements marketed to boost immunity to illness. The results show that the largest number of cases with labeling deemed problematic involved packaging with fonts that were too small to read and packaging with a glossy surface.
EN
The author of the article states that the dynamically springing up qualitative research cannot free itself from the methodological tradition of positivism and the research projects carried out by social researchers very often fall into scientistic traps. As a result, the qualitative research frequently becomes the reverse of quantitative research. It happens so, because the researchers are not able to free themselves from the cultural matrix of modernism, whose “carriers” they are and whose components, usually unconsciously, they apply to their research on post-modern societies.
PL
Autor artykułu stawia tezę, że dynamicznie rozkrzewiające się badania jakościowe nie mogą uwolnić się od metodologicznej tradycji pozytywizmu, a projekty badawcze realizowane przez badaczy społecznych często wpadają w scjentystyczne pułapki. W rezultacie badania jakościowe nierzadko stają się rewersem badań ilościowych. Dzieje się tak, ponieważ badacze nie są w stanie uwolnić się od kulturowej matrycy modernizmu, której są „nosicielami” i której składowe, na ogół nieświadomie wciąż aplikują do badania społeczeństw ponowoczesnych.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to study possible ways to include younger students in research that is in the process of converting the acquired knowledge and independent “discovery” of new. Methodological basis of research are the psychological and pedagogical research provisions of the laws of development of the personality; theories of scientific knowledge and development of learning; principles of interrelation of theory and practice, activity, development, determinism, unity of consciousness and activity. Conducted research showed that the success of the implementation of the research method in the learning process largely depends on the optimal combination of group and individual forms of employment. The main advantage of individual training is that it allows you to fully adapt content, teaching methods and rate of retrieval of the child to its features; watch her every action and operation in solving specific problems; promotion from ignorance to knowledge; in time to make the necessary adjustments to operations as of the student and teacher; adapt them to the situation that is constantly changing. The general thrust of the child to interact with peers gradually develops into a conscious desire to work together with others well and quickly that is the most appropriate way to do the job, get all the desired result. The feasibility of such application of research method in primary school due to the fact that the age encourages the younger pupils to independent search for new knowledge, promotes personal self-realization and self-determination of each student, forms a general positive attitude towards teaching. The use of group forms of education contributes to the emergence, development and establishment of motive cooperation. Thus optimizes the process of search activity, which is absorbed by the pupils, is creative and develops pupils of elementary school as a subject of teaching, promotes the formation of the new cognitive learning motives. Search of the theoretical results allowed concluding about the importance of constant efforts of teachers, aimed at identifying productive forms and methods of implementation of research method that would provide occurrence pupil in the learning process consciously and actively. Prospects for further research are related to the extension of age limits of the studied contingent and coverage of other subject areas.
EN
The article presents science education in Poland in the context of shaping and developing problem-solving skills by applying rational solutions to the research method, using ICT as well as communicating and collaborating in a group. The paper describes the following aspects: organisation of teaching science subjects ISCED 1, ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 and provisions of the core curriculum for these subjects according to the skills mentioned above; preferences of science teachers regarding the forms and methods of working with students; results of both: science subjects matriculation exams and TIMSS 2019 and PISA 2018 international surveys on science knowledge and skills. At the end of the article, conclusions and recommendations are formulated that can improve science education in Polish schools.
EN
The text presents the procedures and techniques involved in a research method aimed at “evoking a historical source”, which is understood as a researcher’s prepared and academically rigorously implemented participation in the creation by a witness to history of such recollective material that might be a carrier of information and that might be subject to rudimentary historical analysis. The text presents defined assumptions and subsequent stages of the proposed research procedure.
PL
Tekst przedstawia procedury i techniki metody badawczej ukierunkowanej na „wywołanie źródła historycznego”, co rozumiane jest jako przygotowany i zrealizowany w rygorze naukowym udział badacza w stworzeniu przez świadka historii takiego materiału wspomnieniowego, który mógłby być nośnikiem informacji i zostałby poddany rudymentarnej analizie historycznej. W tekście przedstawiono zdefiniowane założenia i kolejne etapy postępowania badawczego.
EN
The present paper is devoted to the meaning of comparative aspects in literary criticism works by the Ukrainian poet Lesya Ukrainka (1871-1913). It stresses the significant role that the author herself, along with her erudition and character traits, plays in her comparative studies. In the discussion, it is observed that the research methods used by Lesya Ukrainka resemble contemporary comparative studies. It is also shown how the author draws analogies and brings out contrasts. The paper contains an analysis of comparative optics, which allows presenting the profound contexts of the cultures and literatures of both Western Europe, as well as those typical of the Central and Eastern parts of the continent, which are characteristics for Lesya Ukrainka’s literary criticism.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony znaczeniu komparatywnych aspektów w krytyczno-literackiej twórczości ukraińskiej poetki Łesi Ukrainki (1871-1913). Zaznaczono przy tym istotną rolę, którą w dociekaniach komparatywnych odgrywa sama autorka, jej erudycja oraz cechy charakteru. W przeprowadzonych badaniach zauważono, że wykorzystane przez Łesię Ukrainkę metody badawcze są zbliżone do współczesnych studiów porównawczych, pokazano także, w jaki sposób autorka tworzy analogie i wywodzi kontrasty. Artykuł zawiera analizę optyki komparatywnej, co pozwala odsłonić charakterystyczne dla krytyki literackiej Łesi Ukrainki głębokie konteksty kultur i literatur zarówno zachodnioeuropejskich, jak i należących do regionu Środkowej i Wschodniej Europy.
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