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Podatek podwodowy do połowy XVII stulecia w Koronie

100%

Łopatecki K.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

2022

vol. 83

issue Spec.

175-199

The article analyses the reasons for introducing the transport services (podwoda) tax in 1564. Next, it characterises its further organisational and legal reforms conducted in the second half of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth centuries. Then, it presents the principles of calculating the tax for payers, the methods of its levying and solutions concerning the collection of outstanding taxes. The research is based on the reforms of King Władysław IV carried out in 1646–1647, when the tax base was increased four times. The study also includes an assessment of the amount of revenue flowing to the court treasury from these duties.

W artykule przeanalizowano przyczyny wprowadzenia w 1564 r. podatku podwodowego. Scharakteryzowano jego dalsze reformy organizacyjno-prawne zachodzące w drugiej połowie XVI i pierwszej połowie XVII stulecia. Zaakcentowano zasady naliczenia podatku płatnikom, sposób jego wybierania oraz rozwiązania dotyczące ściągania zaległości podatkowych. Punktem granicznym prowadzonych badań są reformy Władysława IV przeprowadzone w latach 1646–1647, kiedy zlikwidowano podwody i czterokrotnie podniesiono wymiar podstawy opodatkowania. Dokonano również oceny wielkości przychodów zasilających skarb nadworny z tej daniny.

Klimat dialogu i jego wpływ na przebieg procesu dialogowego

75%

Wal J.

Roczniki Pastoralno-Katechetyczne

2012

vol. 4

247-262

The article discusses the issue of the atmosphere of dialog and its influence on the course of the dialog process. The atmosphere is first of all created by people, and this is why in the first part of the article it is shown, taking the personalistic approach, what emotional mood, intellectual aura and spiritual atmosphere are favorable for having a dialog. On the emotional side it is enthusiasm, surges of emotions, and sublimity; in the intellectual aspect it is objectivism, pragmatism and acting logically; and in the volitionary-spiritual dimension – it is acceptance of people, tolerance and kindness. In the further part of the article attention is paid to the subjective and objective factors creating a dialog. The following ones belong here: pro-social education and self-education, a positive influence of public opinion, and on the objective side: some global civilization trends, and the communication revolution in the world, owing to which not only did tools for indirect inter-personal relations (the press, radio, television, Internet) gain importance, but also direct inter-personal communication did. In the third part of the article the means used for building the atmosphere of dialogue are discussed. The status of natural behaviors should be appreciated here: politeness, simplicity and understanding; and defective behaviors, like obsequiousness, pompousness, crudeness and leniency should be eliminated. It is also indispensable to look for the way of the golden mean between extreme behaviors. Such a way between oversensitiveness and callousness is – sensitivity; between euphoric behavior and fatalism – realism, and between doctrinairism and utilitarianism – humanism. The article is closed by the conclusion that the atmosphere of dialog influences the dynamics of the dialog processes, determining priority goals in the dialog and stimulating further dialogs.

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1 Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

1 Roczniki Pastoralno-Katechetyczne

1 Wal J.

1 Łopatecki K.

1 2022

1 2012

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Podatek podwodowy do połowy XVII stulecia w Koronie

Klimat dialogu i jego wpływ na przebieg procesu dialogowego