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EN
The subject of the article covers the issues related to the possibilities and conditions for the use of insurance guarantees in enterprise risk management processes. In the paper the essence of the guarantee process, its legal basis and the types of guarantees are discussed. The market for insurance guarantees in Poland is presented, with an attempt to refer to the market for guarantees offered by the banking sector. Based on the research conducted, the author presents the role and importance of insurance guarantees as a tool to support business processes in enterprises. The answers to the questions as to in what situations insurance guarantees are an effective tool to support these processes and what are the reasons behind their use are provided. The purpose of the publication is to analyze the role, significance and possibilities of using insurance guarantees as a tool to support risk management processes in the day-to-day operations of companies.
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EN
IT security of computer networks plays an increasingly important role in business operations; but at the same time the importance of its systematic improvement not always is perceived, nor are implemented ameliorations due to incorrectly accepted models or strategies. Some models of the global computer network comprehensive protection, called trust framework, are discussed by the author of this article.
EN
Review of a book: Patrycja Dąbrowska-Kłosińska (ed.), Essays on Global Safety Governance: Challenges and Solutions, Centre for Europe, University of Warsaw, Warszawa: 2015
EN
Proactive airport risk management is an important element of general aviation safety. It is the best tool for ensuring such task as keeping sustainable level of national aviation and economic safety, which is very significant in term of globalization. The article presents the importance of proactive risk management, which is crucial to maintain the appropriate development of national economy.
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Analiza ryzyka covered call

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PL
W wyniku wzrostu zmienności warunków rynkowych wzrasta zapotrzebowanie na nowe metody zarządzania ryzykiem, których umiejętne zastosowanie przyczyni się do poprawy wyników finansowych. Strategia covered call polega na wystawieniu opcji kupna na posiadane instrumenty podstawowe. Na giełdzie covered call jest jedną z najczęściej stosowanych strategii. W artykule przedstawiono analizę ryzyka strategii covered call. Celem opracowania jest zbadanie wpływu ceny instrumentu bazowego, czasu wygaśnięcia oraz wahań zmienności ceny instrumentu bazowego na kształtowanie się ryzyka strategii covered call. Ilustracja empiryczna jest przeprowadzona na podstawie symulacji wyceny walutowych opcji kupna na EUR/PLN.
EN
The changing in the volatility of market conditions increases the demand for new methods of risk management. Covered call is an option strategy where the investor holds a long position in the underlying instrument and sells call option on the same underlying instrument. The article presents the analysis of the risk of the covered strategy. The objective of the work is to present the analysis of the impact of selected factors (the price of the underlying instrument, the time to maturity, the volatility of the price of the underlying instrument) on the value of delta, gamma, vega and theta coefficient. These coefficients are the measures of options risk. The empirical illustration is carried out on the pricing simulations of the currency call option on EUR/PLN.
EN
The development of market structures occurs in conditions of uncertainty and risk, which is reflected in the activities of all stakeholders of transport and logistics system in the region. If we understand how the risk of loss or reduced income occurs, we can calculate the likelihood of it. Most important in this regard is risk prediction, since its probability can be determined, and due to the forecasts the management of territorial risks can be developed.
EN
The article describes the use of a Value at Risk measure to analyze the effectiveness of a bank. Among various existing possibilities of using this measure, the use of a new method has been proposed, namely, correcting various indicators of bank interest margins by using the Value at Risk measure. The newly established measures were then subjected to empirical tests, whose main objective was to test the capacity of the information resulting from the recourse to the proposed indicators. Using the data from financial statements of banks listed on the Stock Exchange in Warsaw in the years 1998-2012, two types of risk-adjusted bank interest margins were calculated, which provided a way to set the minimum levels that can be expected with the probability assumed in the calculation. The way in which these values are formed over time was then analyzed and they were finally compared with the typical values.
EN
The interest in amateur running (including long-distance runs) has been growing in a dynamic way for several years. It is reflected in a significant increase in the number of sports events including marathons and half marathons. The paper describes research aiming to estimate risk of organizing running events in Poland. The presented results refer to half marathons organized in 2018. Professional risk management is a starting point of realizing objectives set by organizers, including assuring safety and satisfaction of all interested parties. The conducted research (both preparatory and proper) has allowed for the identification of risk factors and estimating risk by the representatives of the runs' organizers. The identification was realized by 8 experts (the Delphi method), whereas there were 24 representatives of 11 half marathons in Poland engaged in the risk estimation. The latter was based on the average (of impact and probability). The present article does not present the results of the factor analysis and focuses, which complemented the result of risk estimation. The research results provide concrete information about the priorities on which event organizers may focus in order to mitigate risk. The results also amount to the basis of in-depth risk estimation and analysis for examining trends and the efficiency of undertaken mitigation actions.
PL
W Polsce bardzo dynamicznie wzrasta zainteresowanie amatorskim bieganiem w tym biegami długodystansowymi, czego odzwierciedleniem jest istotny wzrost liczby wydarzeń sportowych, w tym maratonów i półmaratonów. Celem opisanych w artykule badań i ich wyników było oszacowanie ryzyka związanego z organizacją imprez biegowych w Polsce – półmaratonów. Przedstawiono wyniki odnoszące się do biegów zorganizowanych w 2018 r. Profesjonalne zarządzanie ryzykiem jest punktem wyjścia do realizacji celów stawianych przez organizatorów, w tym zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa i satysfakcji wszystkim zainteresowanym stronom uczestniczącym w wydarzeniu. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na identyfikację czynników ryzyka oraz dokonanie szacowania ryzyka przez przedstawicieli organizatorów biegów. Identyfikacji dokonało 8 ekspertów (metoda delficka), a w szacowaniu ryzyka udział wzięło 24 przedstawicieli 11 biegów półmaratonów organizowanych w Polsce. Szacowaniem ryzyka dokonane zostało na podstawie średniej (skutku i prawdopodobieństwa). Wyniki badań dostarczają konkretnej informacji o priorytetach na jakich mogą się skupić organizatorzy imprez w celu mitygacji ryzyka, stanowią także podstawę do pogłębionych szacowań i analiz ryzyka dla analizy trendów oraz skuteczności podejmowanych działań mitygujących.
EN
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the importance of insurance in the activity and development within Poland's SME sector. The specifics of SMEs make them more vulnerable to the adverse effects of various risks. Business risk relates to different areas of the company including its resources, both human and capital assets. Risk management is performed differently for small enterprises than large enterprises. Appropriate risk management using insurance can maintain liquidity, improve solvency, build competitive advantage and create added value for the company. Inadequate insurance not only affects SMEs, but also other sectors within the Polish economy.
EN
Research background: The risk management process is a key element in running a business. Moreover, it is basically one of the basic and most important internal processes in any company, regardless of its size. However, due to the extremely important role played by small and medium-sized enterprises in the economy, the problem of proper management of endogenous and exogenous risks becomes particularly important. Purpose of the article: The article aims to show the importance of risk management in the operations of modern enterprises in the SMEs sector and the attitudes of entrepreneurs towards key business risks. Methods: The research was based on data on 332 enterprises from the SMEs sector operating in Poland. The data was collected using the CSAQ method in the period from 12 of November 2019 to 9 of March 2020. The distribution of risk assessment in the studies was analysed using Tau Kendall statistics, while the risk management index was created by examining the attitudes of entrepreneurs towards individual risk factors. Findings & Value added: The results of the survey showed that three-quarters of enterprises did not manage risk in a formalized way and that decision-makers in enterprises often paid too little attention to the issues related to managing different types of risk. The article should, therefore, draw the attention of managers to the need to build appropriate procedures to enable effective risk management that creates opportunities for the safe operation of the enterprise. The added value of the work is a detailed analysis of the management of individual types of endogenous and exogenous risks, as well as an indication of what features of enterprises affect the effectiveness of actions taken in the field of controlling these risks. Research is valuable because of the small amount of studies that links managers' approaches to risk management with actual risk management effectiveness.
EN
The purpose of the Computer Security Incident Response Teams is to ensure a coherent and complete system of risk management at the national level and, therefore, they have been obliged to perform tasks to counter cybersecurity threats of cross-sectoral and cross-border nature, as well as to ensure coordination of handling of reported incidents, i.e. events that have or may harm cybersecurity.
Cybersecurity and Law
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2022
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vol. 8
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issue 2
84-94
EN
This paper deals with the administrative and legal elements of both the establishing and the implementation of risk management mechanisms in public administration, as well as indicating how important this process is for supporting the proper functioning of each entity in the public finance sector. At the same time, it highlights the need to constantly update the applicable formula of organisational management, especially in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and optimisation of the means to improve the quality of public services provided. The constantly growing awareness of an entity’s management regarding threats to accomplishing set objectives can also be observed. Therefore, it becomes necessary to develop risk management mechanisms limiting the adverse impact of various factors on proper task implementation.
EN
Risk is an inherent phenomenon associated with all forms of economic and social ac-tivity of people, both at the level of individual and organizational decisions. The de-gree of complexity and internationalization of economic processes, and consequently the internationalization of decision-making processes in the turbulent environment of the organization results with an increased risk of actions undertaken and difficulties in efficiently identifying various threats. A contemporary approach to risk management referred to as integrated risk management (ERM - Enterprise Risk Management). It focuses on integrating risk management with existing processes in the organization and determining future events that may have a positive or negative impact on the busi-ness. Integrated risk management defining the structure and scope of process man-agement along with setting standards for assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of implemented activities in all levels of the organization and selecting the best solutions that increase these values. risk, risk management, company economics, ERM Ryzyko jest zjawiskiem nierozłącznie związanym z wszelkimi formami aktywności gospodarczej i społecznej człowieka, zarówno na poziomie decyzji indywidualnych, jak i organizacyjnych. Stopnień skomplikowania i umiędzynarodowienia procesów gospodarczych, a w konsekwencji internacjonalizacja procesów decyzyjnych w turbulentnym otoczeniu organizacji przekłada się na rosnące ryzyko podejmowanych działań i trudności w sprawnym identyfikowaniu różnorodnych zagrożeń. Współczesne podejście do zarządzania ryzykiem określane mianem zintegrowanego zarządzania ryzykiem (ERM - Enterprise Risk Management). Skupia się na integracji zarządzania ryzykiem z istniejącymi w organizacji procesami i określaniu przyszłych zdarzeń, które mogą pozytywnie bądź negatywnie oddziaływać na prowadzoną działalność. Zintegrowane zarządzanie ryzykiem określenie struktury i zakresu zarządzania procesami wraz z wyznaczeniem standardów oceny skuteczności i efektywności realizowanych działań we wszystkich poziomach organizacji i wyboru najlepszych rozwiązań powodujących wzrost tych wartości. ryzyko, zarządzanie ryzykiem, ekonomika firmy, ERM
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EN
This article deals with the conceptual approach to the management of enterprises which create conditions for rationalisation and improvement of the business activities, not only in logistic enterprises. In addition to marketing, logistics, quality management and information, many companies are increasingly implementing the concept of risk management. The importance of risk management lies in its ability to influence the creative process resulting in detecting the risks and a purposeful reduction of the probability of crises. The first part of the article shows the structure of the companies whose business activities are focused on the area of logistics. In the second part relationships between risk management and other business processes that form together an integrated system of the enterprise management are characterised.
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Zarządzanie i Finanse
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2013
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vol. 3
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issue 1
179-190
EN
The paper is targeted at the comparative analysis of practical applications of risk assessment methods of projects in IT industry. The study was based on an IT Project comprising 349 activities, wherein 8 were selected which were the most likely not to comply with the scheduled time, scope and budget resources. Next, four techniques were described and apply to provide the assessment of the same part of the project: 2x2 Matrix Method, Probability and Effects Matrix Method, Heeg’s Method, Failure Mode Effects Analysis. The obtained results were discussed and on the basis thereof, conclusion were formulated to select the method depending on the specificity of an IT Project.
EN
Risk-taking is a pivotal feature of entrepreneurship and business development. Poor management of business risk often leads to the loss of competitiveness with the consequence of business failure, and in contrast, it improves business sustainability when risks are managed effectively. The aimof thisresearch is to identify leading concepts and trends in research on risk-taking in organizationalmanagement researchby network analysis of keywords co-occurrence. Mapping knowledge domain was used as a useful method in bibliometrics. We analyzed 2912 records from Scopus database to risk-taking in organizational management research with the help of VOSviewer software tool. In particular, keywords co-occurrence analysis to visually explore knowledge bases, topic distribution, research fronts and research trends in the field of risk-taking research in a management context were adopted.
EN
The article contains an analysis of bill on The Mutual Fund Support of Agricultural Income Stabilization, recognized by EU’s legislator as one of the risk management tools. The aim of the author’s deliberations is to determined the scope of the regulation and its evaluation. The legislator of the bill does not define all necessary requirements that should be conducted in obtaining the support by the farmer. Even it allows farmer to some abuse. As the result of this bill, the new kind of levy will be imposed on him. At this stage, without the legal norms on performing even the mutual fund, it will not be possible to set up the tool.
EN
The purpose of the research presented in this article was to assess the use of insurance products available on the market in everyday craft activity, as well as to obtain an answer to the question of which insurance companies the surveyed entrepreneurs use most often. An attempt was also made to assess cooperation of the insured with insurers. Research with the use of a survey questionnaire was conducted in the period from May to July 2016 in craft plants from the Opole, Lower Silesian and Silesian provinces associated through guilds in the Craft Chamber in Opole. Research results demonstrate that more than half of the surveyed craft enterprises use products offered by insurance companies, and the most popular insurer among these companies is PZU.
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Raroc as a credit risk approach

80%
EN
Credit risk is one of the most common risks in the world, known for many centuries, but the RAROC model is quite innovative. RAROC (Risk Adjusted Return On Capital) is an answer for shareholders’ need for improved performance, especially the maximization of shareholder value. The main point of this article is to show the advantages as well as the limitations of the RAROC approach on the market, with the warning that financial intermediaries cannot rely only on models and could not be sure that even the most sophisticated methods provide them with complete certainty.
EN
The aim of the article is to present elaborated risk management model in project management of e-learning courses development and implementation. Showed model of risk management is a part of a complex, integrated model for e-learning projects' processes management. The starting point of the article is an analysis of the current state of scientific literature in the field of project management for e-learning courses with a thesis that there are no suitable models adapted to the specifics of e-learning. For the thesis confirmation a case studies of four e-learning institutions with significant experience in e-learning field is being shown. Developed risk management model is presented in the third part of the article. It starts from showing elaborated general processes map, with integrated risk management. Finally detailed risk management models for distinguished processes are being presented. The article is based on case studies of European institutions with significant e-learning projects realization experience, like: Oncampus, Lübeck University of Applied Science from Germany; Distance Education Centre, Kaunas University of Technology from Lithuania; Center of Distance Education Development, Higher Banking School and Educational Portal of University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk. It also includes author's six years’ experience gained by participation in e-learning projects, like international Baltic Sea Virtual Campus and national POKL as courses’ author, instructional designer and it coordinator.
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