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EN
This paper discusses the impact of sejmiks and Sejms on land law judiciary. Although suspending courts’ activities due to public convention was practised in Poland in the late Middle Ages, it was not prescribed in written land law until 1538. According to the constitution of 1538, the land courts of law should cease after sejmik that precedes Sejm was held. The administration of justice resumed when the Sejm finished. These rules were in force up to the late 80s, when new laws were passed. Land law judiciary (i.e. land, castrensial judicial, and castrensial official courts of law) should be suspended a week before sejmik (1590) and should resume two weeks after the Sejm ended (1589) thereunder. The aim of this paper is to present results of research on practical compliance with these principles. The object of study was the praxis of both castrensial judicial and castrensial official courts of law in Krakow in the years 1585–1620. The fundamental primary sources were books of records, which are preserved in the National Archives in Krakow. Within such chronological scope it was possible to establish how above-stated principles were followed in courts of law before and after revision of 1589–1590.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest wpływ obrad sejmikowych i sejmowych na funkcjonowanie ziemskiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości (tj. przede wszystkim sądów ziemskich, grodzkich i urzędów grodzkich). Praktyka zawieszania sądownictwa w związku z sejmem i sejmikami znana była już w późnym średniowieczu, ale uregulowano ją dopiero w XVI stuleciu. Zgodnie z konstytucją z 1538 r. sądy powinny milknąć po sejmiku przedsejmowym. Jurysdykcję reasumowano po zakończeniu sejmu. Zasady te obowiązywały do końca lat 80. XVI w. Wtedy to uchwalono nowe prawo, zgodnie z którym ziemski wymiar sprawiedliwości (roki sądu ziemskiego, grodzkiego oraz urzędu grodzkiego) należało zawiesić tydzień przed sejmikiem (1590) i przywrócić dwa tygodnie po zakończeniu sejmu (1589). Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie wyników badań nad stosowaniem opisanych wyżej zasad. Próbę badawczą stanowiła praktyka sądu i urzędu grodzkiego krakowskiego w latach 1585–1620, którą przeanalizowano na podstawie ksiąg grodzkich z tego okresu, przechowywanych w Archiwum Narodowym w Krakowie. Dzięki tak ujętemu zakresowi chronologicznemu udało się ustalić, w jaki sposób interpretowano obowiązek limitowania jurysdykcji w sądzie i urzędzie grodzkim przed i po zmianie prawa z lat 1589–1590.
EN
In the 1690’s, in Umianowice and Wołoszczowice –two villages owned by the convent of the Cracow Poor Clares, located in the Sandomierz voivodeship– soldiers from the foreign infantry regiment, belonging to the Wiślica starosta Franciszek Teodor Denhoff, were stationing at the so-called winter quarters. The starosta had claimed the right to those villages as well as the revenue they generated. Hence, with his consent, the soldiers demanded payments in grain or money, and apart from that mercilessly pillaged and physically abused the subjects of the convent. In addition, they would rape women, and they forced an entry to a noble house, disregarding the fact that these felonies were punishable by death. Also, drunk soldiers sneered at the Catholic religion, mocking the ceremonies connected with the celebration of Corpus Christi. These events ended up in court, when the nuns, the nobility, and the peasants from the plundered villages sued the violators. The ones charged with the heaviest crimes were condemned to infamy and beheading, but it remains unknown whether the sentence was ever carried out. Starosta Denhoff was punished by kondemnata (a sentence in absentia). He was also obliged to pay compensation for all the damage caused. The losses were made up for a few years later by Denhoff ’s widow, Katarzyna Potocka.
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