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A case of decapitation from Giza

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EN
In 2010, the Russian archaeological mission at Giza excavated chamber 2B of tomb GE 19 at the eastern edge of the necropolis and discovered an intact burial there. The male found in the chamber had been decapitated, and the skull with the lower jaw was lying separately from the postcranial skeleton on a layer of clean sand facing east. The paper discusses the archaeological context of the burial, the paleopathology, and the possible reasons for this rare case of decapitation dating back to the Old Kingdom.
PL
In the article I draw attention to the lack of consistency in descriptions of the rock material used to build the first structures in the early Piast state. The role and importance of the types of stone material used at that time are unappreciated, if not downright ignored. I emphasize the fact that the main material used in early-medieval building construction were glacial erratics, sometimes representing up to 98% of the entire building material. Other rocks used in constructing buildings included travertine, sod iron ore, limestone and  gypsum. However, I have devoted a lot of attention to the Miocene quartzite sandstone excavated in the early stages of Polish statehood from a quarry in Brzeźno near Konin. In the summary, I suggest possible time scales for the use of part of the rock material.
EN
Sustainable design, universal design are currently one of the most common concepts in architectural design. Just like modernity over a hudred years ago, the problem of flats available to everyone is dominated by today’s statetements and activities of architects. Can we compare these two situations – present and past? Was modernity necessary to solve the problem of affordable housing? Is the same sustainable design necessary to solve or limit the problem of ecological degradation of the natural environment and natural resources?
PL
Projektowanie zrównoważone, projektowanie uniwersalne to aktualnie jedne z najczęściej pojawiających się pojęć w projektowaniu architektonicznym. Podobnie jak ponad sto lat temu nowoczesność, problem dostępnych dla każdego mieszkań, dominują dzisiejsze wypowiedzi i działania architektów. Czy możemy te dwie sytuacje – obecną i z przeszłości – porównać? Czy nowoczesność była niezbędna, by rozwiązać problem tanich mieszkań? Czy tak samo projektowanie zrównoważone jest niezbędne, by rozwiązać lub ograniczyć problem degradacji ekologicznej środowiska naturalnego i zasobu surowców?
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