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EN
An overview study, this contribution explores the opportunities for a deeper analysis, measurement, and possible adjustment of the relationship between teachers and the headteacher. In the opening part, the subject matter is described through an outline of several foreign studies, theoretical and empirical. Also, some possible tools and ways of investigation in the forms of the teacher-to-headteacher relation are presented. The state of things in the Czech Republic is summarized then, ascertaining that this kind of relations still remains largely unexplored in literature, which is seen as a weighty drawback
EN
A school climate is the product of a specific social group. It influences the work of both teachers and students; it is a reflection of the objective reality in schools. It is experienced, evaluated and perceived by the actors of school life subjectively. In agreement with the current approaches to education (neuropedagogy, neuroscience), the importance of a positive school climate is accentuated. It is a part of school environment in the emotional, social and physical contexts. We put an accent on the interconnection and mutual determination of the climate and some selected determinants - inappropriate behaviour, interaction and safe educational environment. Nowadays, the notion of the school climate is joined with the adjective “optimal”. Based on the undertaken research, we make a conspectus of empirical findings which are related to school environment and school climate.
EN
This study investigated stress levels of pre-service teachers (PSTs) across three categories of teaching context: early childhood, primary and secondary. This paper focused on exploring the stressors in the completion of tasks in teaching practicum in the three categories of teaching context and an awareness of and access to support systems. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and an online questionnaire were used to measure the nature and level of stress. Significant results were found in relation to the school climate and the stress levels of PSTs across the three different teaching contexts. These findings have implications in terms of understanding different PSTs’ stress levels across the three teaching contexts and ways they could be supported to reduce their stress level and achieve better study outcomes.
EN
This study contains an analysis of school reality and refers to its perception by individuals directly engaged in it, namely the students (teachers’ perception has been excluded) who experience and face various situations occurring at school environment. The purpose of this project was to explore various aspects of school life from students’ perspective in actual and preferred terms. The research was carried out among 1,036 students of elementary school, from grade 4 to grade 7, and middle-school from grade 2 to grade 3. The research tool was TROFLEI questionnaire (Technology-Rich Outcomes-Focused Learning Environment Inventory). The study has enabled identification of those aspects of everyday school reality which are of utmost importance to the students. The results moreover revealed a gap between the actual and the preferred states for all characteristics between elementary school students and middle-school students. The study results suggest a change of teaching methods and styles in Polish school and rejection of the schematic approach to pay attention to students’ personal development and relationships between students themselves and between students and teachers. All that is a precondition for a friendly atmo[1]sphere at school and underpins a successful realization of its function.
EN
The background to the study examines parental involvement in education as a form of social capital and focuses on how involvement may be developed through three dimensions of social capital: bonding, bridging, and linking. Both groups (students and parents) were surveyed using questionnaires. The data of two different studies have been used: a cross-sectional study carried out in sixty-five schools in Estonia and a study of a comprehensive school to introduce practical implementations of the findings. The results of the studies indicate a high degree of readiness for cooperation from both sides - parents and the school, even though their understanding of responsibilities slightly differ. Parents and teachers should have mutual power and influence regarding the child's education, although schools have to take the prime responsibility in organizing the cooperation process.
EN
Resilience is an individual’s capacity to recover, adapt, and keep mental balance and normal functioning when exposed to significant adversity. This competence plays an important role in one’s life because it increases the probability of achieving success in various spheres of life. Schools can foster students’ resilience by providing a positive school environment and a sufficient number of protective factors, but it is the subjective interpretation of conditions and experiences rather than the exposure to them that is significant. The main objective of this research was to study to what extent school satisfaction, i.e. subjective interpretation of the school climate, influenced the level of students’ resilience. Not all our findings are compatible with the results of other studies. Despite the limits of our research, its results can serve as a basis for further work as not much has been done in the field of resilience research in Slovakia.
EN
Expectations, values, faith, relationships with staff, the school leader, teachers and students behavior create school climate. The leader can promote or hinder a positive climate through his leadership model. The purpose of this study is to explore what are the climate types that appear in the school as well as to contribute to the expectations of different stakeholders on the school climate. The starting point for improving the performance of students and teachers is to improve school climate. Thus, this study will help leaders who for one reason or another have not been effective in keeping their responsibilities, and, as a result, did not work efficiently in improving school climate. It is assumed that a positive school climate enhances effective teaching, and as a result a better performance of student learning. This study will serve to further studies related to the expansion of the leaders’ roles on school climate. In conclusion, the research will assist policy makers in Albania to assess the content of the modules needed for training future managers and teachers to ensure they are equipped with the skills required to create a positive, open and collaborative climate in school. The school leader should be released from some managerial tasks, for paying more time to teachers and students.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę poszukiwania odpowiedzi na pytanie o zjawiska i procesy wpływające na szkolny klimat dla twórczości technicznej, na którą w czasach współczesnych istnieje społeczne zapotrzebowanie. Autorzy, realizując ten cel, dokonują przeglądu wybranych stanowisk teoretycznych na temat pojęć, rozróżnień i charakterystyk związanych z tą problematyką.
EN
The article is an attempt to seek answers to the question of the phenomena and processes determining the school climate for technical creativity which is a social demand in our times. To this end the authors review the selected theoretical concepts, distinctions and characteristics related to these issues.
PL
Celem prezentowanego badania było wykrycie związków pomiędzy spostrzeganiem różnych aspektów klimatu i kultury szkoły przez nauczycieli a wynikami nauczania oraz spostrzeganym nasileniem zachowań problemowych wśród uczniów. Anonimowe badania ankietowe objęły nauczycieli z czterech warszawskich gimnazjów (n = 140). Badania dotyczyły różnych wymiarów klimatu i kultury szkoły, takich jak spostrzegane przez nauczycieli relacje społeczne w szkole, charakterystyka procesu edukacji, podzielane przez nauczycieli ideologie oświatowe czy poczucie obciążenia pracą. Spostrzegane przez nauczycieli nasilenie zachowań problemowych było bezpośrednio związane z trzema czynnikami: ukierunkowaniem nauczania na wyniki, akceptacją romantycznej ideologii oświatowej oraz negatywnymi relacjami pomiędzy uczniami. Wyższe wyniki nauczania szkoły związane były z długością stażu w zawodzie nauczycielskim, spostrzeganym zaangażowaniem uczniów w naukę oraz niskim poczuciem obciążenia pracą. Ponadto okazało się, że nauczyciele mężczyźni, w porównaniu do kobiet, spostrzegają klimat szkoły jako korzystniejszy w wielu jego wymiarach.
EN
The aim of this study was to reveal the relationships between the teachers’ perception of various school climate/culture aspects and school academic achievement and perceived intensification of problem behaviour among young people. The anonymous survey was conducted among teachers (n = 140) from four Warsaw lower secondary schools. The study included various aspects of school climate and culture: perceived social relationships at school, the characteristic of the educational process, educational ideologies among teachers, and sense of workload. Teachers’ perception of intensification of youth problem behaviour was directly related to three factors: results-oriented teaching, acceptance of the romantic educational ideology and the negative relations between students. The higher school academic achievement was related to the length of teachers’ career, perceived students’ commitment to learning and low teachers’ sense of workload. Moreover, it turned out that the male teachers, compared to female teachers, perceived school climate as a more favourable.
EN
The aim of the article is to demonstrate usefulness of transactional analysis as a method of shaping school climate. The author begins with describing the present state of social prevention, and then, on the basis of positive prevention, outlines the importance of school climate. Next, he analyses usefulness of transactional analysis as a method of creating positive school climate and concludes his reflections.
EN
School culture and climate, more than any other factors, determine school efficiency. Building a positive school climate means to create the conditions both for students and teachers to work and learn effectively – feeling supported, safe, motivated and satisfied with their outcomes, and ready to contribute to the school improvement. In the light of many research, schools with positive climate are those which pay attention not only to the high academic outcomes, often measured by the tests, but also (or mostly?) to the social and emotional well-being of every student and adult. The subject of the article concerns the perception of school climate and learning setting by teachers and students from two Warsaw high junior schools, which significantly differ from each other in the effect of standardized external tests on students’ academic outcomes. The text contains some conclusions from a multi-faceted exploration of school culture and climate at these schools. First, the author compares teacher – student perception of school climate within the school, and then compares two school workplaces focusing on human relationships as an important factor of school climate. In this text selected cathegories of school climate are analysed: (1) school satisfaction, (2) teacher – student and peer relationships, (3) teachers’ support for students, (4) motivating students to succeed, (5) obeying the students’ rights at school, (6) agressive behavior among students. Quantitative analysis are complemented with qualitative analysis.
EN
The presented study explored the memories of 332 pedagogy students about the bullying experiences and their former schools. Findings indicate that: (1) young adults have very different experiences with bullying, (2) time spent at middle school was assessed as the worst, (3) general judgment of school was correlated with bullying experiences, especially students who were involved in bullying problems as a victim or bystander were less positive in their appraisals of school. The study provides a unique account of how young adults view their school experiences. Data is discussed in terms of its psycho-educational implications.
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Assessment of the School Climate

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EN
This paper deals with the problem of school climate and research into it. We introduce results of school climate assessment at grammar school from the viewpoint of students, teachers and parents.
EN
Classwork takes a considerable amount of school psychologists´ work. However, we know little about the frequency and form of their work with the class. We have defined three main goals of our research. First, to set the proportion of time school psychologists to work with the class. Second, to describe the form of their work with the class. And third, to evaluate their subjective competencies for work with the class. The sample consisted of 73 school psychologists working in primary schools. The data were collected using an online self-made questionnaire. The results show that classwork is the third most common activity of school psychologists. School psychologists most often start their classwork upon request from a teacher (38,26 %), regularly as their initiative (31,51 %) or if they find out that a class needs extra support (20,55 %). Subjective level of competence to classwork is influenced especially by the level of workload, length of experience in the field and specialised training in work with groups. However, the difference between the criteria was not significant.
CS
Práce se třídami představuje v rámci náplně práce školního psychologa značný podíl. O tom, jak často a jakou formou školní psychologové na základních školách se třídami pracují, víme opravdu málo. Cílem našeho výzkumu bylo zjistit zastoupení práce se třídou v činnosti školního psychologa, popsat, jakým způsobem školní psychologové se třídami nejčastěji pracují, a prozkoumat subjektivní hodnocení vlastní kompetence školních psychologů při práci se třídou. Soubor respondentů tvořilo 73 školních psychologů základních škol. Data byla sbírána prostřednictvím on-line dotazníku vlastní konstrukce. Výsledky poukazují, že práce se třídou je třetí nejčastěji uváděnou činností pracovní náplně školního psychologa. Školní psycholog vstupuje do tříd nejčastěji na žádost třídní učitelky (38,26 %), pravidelně na základě vlastní iniciativy (31,51 %) nebo když má dojem, že by to dané třídě mohlo pomoci (20,55 %). Subjektivní hodnocení kompetence školních psychologů v práci s třídními kolektivy mimo jiné ovlivňují výše úvazku, délka praxe a další vzdělávání zaměřené na práci se třídou. Signifikantní rozdíly ve stanovených kritériích však nebyly potvrzeny.
EN
The school and its „world of life” has a huge impact on educational achieve-ments. It is the school that can provide a value-oriented learning and upbringing environment in which such values as respect, empathy and trust are promoted. School can also be a model of a democratic community as a school community is formed through, among other things, embracing duties and solving problems shared by all community members. Individual support is a very significant factor in this process.
PL
Na podstawie przeglądu różnych opracowań teoretycznych i badawczych dotyczących kultury szkoły można stwierdzić, że naukowe podejścia do tego zagadnienia cechuje swego rodzaju heterogeniczność. Intencją autorek jest zwrócenie uwagi na trudności związane z badaniem kultury szkoły. Autorki zaprezentowały opracowaną przez siebie procedurę badawczą jako egzemplifikację sposobu poradzenia sobie z tymi trudnościami w kontekście całościowego badania kultury szkoły. Podstawą do opracowania procedury był model kultury szkoły La Tefy Schoen i Charlesa Teddliego, który zapewnił w miarę jednolite ujęcie tego, co w odniesieniu do kultury organizacji pojawia się w różnych tradycjach badawczych.
EN
Based on literature presenting the findings of the theoretical and research studies on the school culture, it can be concluded that the scientific approach to this issue bears a heterogenous character. The authors of the present paper analyze the difficulties associated with studying this phenomenon and then present an example of a research procedure enabling them to overcome those difficulties. This procedure was developed and later implemented by the authors on the basis of the cultural model of the school culture worked out by La Tefy Schoen and Charles Teddli. Thus, this model has provided grounds for integrating manifold theories regarding the school culture which have been rooted in various research traditions.
EN
In this article two important aspects, both from the theoretical and empirical research perspectives regarding school, i.e. school culture and school climate are presented. Importance of these two aspects is emphasized in the context of problems in school, especially aggressive and violent behaviors of students, including cyber violence and other behaviors which are psycho-emotional threats to the sense of safety of students. School culture and climate are significant for upbringing, socialization, education, and the all processes occurring at school.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na dwie niezwykle ważne kategorie rozważań zarówno teoretycznych, jak i empirycznych związanych ze szkołą, a mianowicie kulturę i klimat szkoły. Ważność tych kategorii badawczych podkreślam szczególnie w kontekście badania zjawisk problemowych występujących w szkołach, szczególnie zachowań agresywno-przemocowych uczniów, w tym cyberprzemoc, a także inne zachowania stanowiące psychiczno-emocjonalne zagrożenie dla poczucia bezpieczeństwa uczniów. Kultura i klimat szkoły to znaczące elementy zarówno dla procesów wychowania, socjalizacji, kształcenia, jak i całego funkcjonowania placó
EN
The study presents some reflections upon the significance of school climate in teaching and education. The author focuses in particular on the relationship between school climate and aggressive behavior among pupils. Practical outcomes of the research concerning that issue and its implications include various initiatives to promote positive school atmosphere. The article discusses a SafeMeasures process described in detail in "Transforming School Climate and Learning. Beyond Bullying and Compliance" by B. Preble and R. Gordon, which is based on action research and aimed at the improvement of school climate.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest pojęcie klimatu szkoły i jego zastosowania w badaniach efektywności szkół i placówek oświatowych. Tak jak poszczególni ludzie mają swoją niepowtarzalną osobowość, tak szkoły i inne placówki oświatowe mają swój klimat. Ani osobowości człowieka, ani klimatu szkoły nie można wyjaśnić za pomocą sumy cech indywidualnych. Wyniki badań wskazują, że pozytywny klimat szkoły wiąże się z mniejszym nasileniem zachowań ryzykownych młodzieży. Szkolne działania profilaktyczne powinny uwzględniać tworzenie klimatu, który sprzyja pozytywnemu rozwojowi młodzieży.
EN
The article explores „the school climate” construct and its implementation in research of school institutions effectiveness. Like individuals have their unique „personality”, the schools have their own „climate”. Neither the personality of individuals nor school climate can be explained by a sum of individual qualities. Results of the researches indicate that a positive school climate is related to lower rates of risky youth behaviours. School-based prevention activities should include a creation of a climate that supports youth positive development within a school institution.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę kluczowych aspektów dotyczących kompetencji nauczycieli wraz z teoretyczną specyfikacją istoty tych kompetencji oraz rozszerzenia wymagań dotyczących zawodu nauczyciela. Nauczyciel jest uważany za eksperta w zakresie instruowania i procesu kształ-cenia zgodnie z ustawą nr 138/2019 Rady Narodowej Słowacji o kadrze nauczycielskiej i profesjo-nalnym personelu w środowisku nakierowanym na tworzenie optymalnego klimatu szkolnego.
EN
The paper deals with the main aspects of teacher competencies with theoretical specification of the essence of competencies and extension of the requirements for the teaching profession. The teacher is considered an expert on instructional and teaching processes under the conditions of Act No. 138/2019 Coll. on teaching staff and professional personnel in the environment aimed at creat-ing an optimal school climate.
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