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1

Jak hřešit psaním

100%

Pátková H.

Studie o rukopisech (Manuscript Studies)

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2010

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vol. 39

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issue 1

287-291

EN

Canonic law of the late middle ages considered the participation of the clerics in killing rather strictly. The Lateran Council 1215 established that a cleric was neither allowed to issue or declare a sentence of death nor to draft or write papers in connnection with it. The edition of the Apostolic Penitentiary Supplications Registers enables people to judge the situation in Bohemia in the period from the 1430´s to the end of the same century. In the examined period a very specifi c case of „complicity in killing“ appeared four times – a phenomenon connected with reading and writing knowledge peculiar to clerics. They read written orders and wrote for the needs of fighting sides. The argumentation is similar in all cases. Th e matter was always activity on command, resulting moreover from the specific condition of the person in question (the only literate, servant). He never participated in the fight actually. With regard to the volume of analogous scribe activity which can be supposed in the period in question, these four cases were certainly just a small fragment of the actual participation of clerics. The situation in Bohemia is doubtlessly specific because of the fact that utraquist disciples and clerics who wrote in the hussite services of course didn´t appeal to the Penitentiary. Nevertheless it must be supposed that the Penitentiary solved similar cases even in the Czech catholic environment only exceptionally.

2

The Old Kingdom “kohl-pot” and its reinterpretation

88%

Jirásková L.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2016

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issue 17

47-51

EN

The article aims to interpret the so-called “kohl pot” in the Old Kingdom. There are only several vessels of this type that have been discovered and published so far. All of them come from burial contexts, and although some of them have been described as cosmetic jars, there is no reason as to why. The author of the present study has arrived at another interpretation based on the archaeological contexts of the vessels and on iconography. The position of the vessels in burial chambers, as well as their depictions in the Old Kingdom reliefs, rather point to their usage by ancient scribes as water pots.

3

Of Manuscript Culture in Early Modern Dubrovnik

87%

Plejić Poje L.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

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2018

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issue 14

PL

In the article’s introduction, the author points to the history of the book as one of the younger sub-disciplines and to its relevance for literary history. This fact is particularly important for old Dubrovnik where the first printing house was opened only in 1783. In the middle part of the article, certain aspects of manuscript culture in early modern Dubrovnik are studied. The author explains why until the 19th century a large part of the Ragusan literature was circulated in manuscripts and what the advantages of the manuscript compared to the printed book are. The author reminds that manuscripts carried out the function of printed books and indicates that printed books were frequently copied by hand.

4

On preserved and lost Ancient Maya books

75%

Tuszyńska B.

Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi

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2019

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issue 13

21-39

EN

One of the greatest achievements of the Ancient Maya was a logo-syllabic writing system. The Maya left many glyphic inscriptions carved, incised or painted on different media. Unfortunately, from that rich scribal tradition only four manuscripts, known as codices, survived. They are painted on bark paper and contain, above all, almanacs with auguries. However, by looking at reports prepared by chroniclers during Colonial times, and documents transcribed in Mayan languages using the Latin alphabet, one can see that a variety of subjects could have been raised in lost codices.

5

At the Dawn of Legal History: Teaching Law in Ancient Mesopotamia

63%

Fijałkowska L.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica

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2022

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vol. 99

51-63

PL

Artykuł zarysowuje dzieje nauczania prawa w starożytnej Mezopotamii, przedstawiając zachowane źródła i problemy związane z ich interpretacją. Mimo że wiedza na ten temat wciąż pozostaje fragmentaryczna, możliwe jest odtworzenie, przynajmniej dla niektórych epok, zarówno programu nauczania jak i miejsca zajmowanego w nim przez edukację prawną. Jak się okazuje, typowy dla mezopotamskiej kultury konserwatyzm nie przeszkodził w kształceniu zaskakująco kompetentnych i kreatywnych profesjonalistów.

EN

The article presents an outline of legal teaching in ancient Mesopotamia, with emphasis on the available sources and the difficulties they present. Though our knowledge of this topic is still fragmentary, for several periods the scribal curriculum can be reconstructed, as well as the place of legal education therein. The innate conservatism of Mesopotamian culture notwithstanding, it turns out that the latter managed to produce surprisingly skilled and creative legal professionals.

6

Some remarks on change and innovation in ancient Near Eastern customary law

63%

Fijałkowska L.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica

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2021

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vol. 97

263-277

PL

Artykuł przedstawia sposoby stopniowej zmiany prawa zwyczajowego na starożytnym Bliskim Wschodzie. Dla osiągnięcia tego celu wykorzystywano istniejące instytucje prawne, modyfikując ich zakres zastosowania oraz skutki. Konserwatywny charakter zarówno bliskowschodniej kultury, jak i edukacji pisarskiej uniemożliwiał jednak jakiekolwiek nagłe, radykalne zmiany. Nawet jeśli powstawał nowy typ umowy, zachowywano przynajmniej pozory dostosowania go do powszechnie stosowanej praktyki.

EN

The article presents the ways customary law could be gradually changed in the ancient Near East. They included working with existing institutions while modifying their consequences as well as their scope of application with tools such as legal fiction. However, the conservative nature of the ancient oriental culture, as well as that of the scribal education made any sudden, radical modification impossible, and even if a new contract type was created, it would keep the pretense of following a long-established practice.

7

"Bei diesem amt viele unerträgliche verantwortungen zugemutet werden". Příspěvek k byrokratizaci v poddanských městech na hukvaldském panství

63%

Nováková L., Reischlová D.

Folia historica Bohemica

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2019

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vol. 34

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issue 1

125-136

EN

The aim of this paper is to point to certain changes in the administration of liege towns on the example of the Hukvaldy Estate during the second half of the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century. It focuses primarily on personal attitudes and reactions of individual town administration officials to rise in duties and administrative agenda. As it follows from individual examples and mentions, the gradual bureaucratization was difficult to cope with especially for burgomasters and councilors. In most of the cases they had to combine the work for the town with a profession of a craftsman, farmer or a trader, which constituted their main source of livelihood. They had difficulties to manage the quantities of regulations and decrees and the language aspect was causing problems as well. By contrast, especially the town scribes corresponded to the vision of an educated and financially independent clerk and they thus constituted the cornerstone of the process of modernization and bureaucratization of the administration in liege towns.

8

Struktura i zasady kompletowania ksiąg sądowych Metryki Litewskiej Zygmunta Augusta

51%

Valikonytė I.

Rocznik Lituanistyczny

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2018

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vol. 4

EN

W artykule omówiono strukturę i zasady kompletowania ksiąg sądowych Zygmunta Augusta w Metryce Litewskiej. Najwięcej uwagi poświęcono na analizę genezy i struktury tzw. ksiąg pisarza Jana Szymkowicza (35. księga spraw sądowych i 38. księga wpisów), do których wpisano dokumenty powstałe w ciągu 14 lat (1554–1568). W konkluzji stwierdzono, że w okresie panowania Zygmunta Augusta oraz pełnienia funkcji kanclerza przez Mikołaja Radziwiłła „Czarnego” w kancelarii Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego nie wypracowano jednego modelu kształtowania i kompletowania ksiąg sądowych władcy, chociaż w połowie XVI w. coraz częściej zajmowali się tym pisarze wielkiego księcia. This article explores the structure and patterns of formation of court registers included in the Lithuanian Metrica of King Sigismund Augustus. The text focuses on the development and composition of the books attributed to the scribe called Jan Szymkowicz (Court Record Book no. 35, Book of Entries no. 38), with documents spanning a fourteen-year period (1554–1568). The article concludes that during King Sigismund Augustus’ rule, under the chancellorship of Mikołaj Radziwiłł called Czarny (The Black), there was in the chancery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania no uniform pattern to be followed in order to make the king’s court registers, despite the fact that, in the mid-sixteenth century, chancery’s scribes usually influenced the chronological scope and structure of these registers.

9

The Poor Widow’s Mites. A Contextual Reading of Mark 12:41-44

51%

Kubiś A.

The Biblical Annals

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2013

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vol. 3

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issue 2

339-381

PL

An intriguing point of disagreement is evident among recent commentators on Mark 12:41-44 as to how we should understand the poor widow’s offering, whether as a positive or negative image. The crucial issue, raised for the first time by Addison G. Wright, is a proper grasp of the immediate narrative context of the poor widow’s story, which in his case produced the lamentable reading of the widow’s “deed.” Nevertheless, by widening the immediate narrative context and reading the account within the larger Markan framework, the interpretative ambiguity disappears. The widow is presented to Jesus’ disciples, and to the readers of the Markan story, as a positive example of selfdenial motivated by faith, love and devotion toward God. Thus, she not only stands as a symbol of the faithful remnant of Israel, but, most importantly, presents a picture of Jesus’ own self-offering on the cross.

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2 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica

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1 Rocznik Lituanistyczny

1 Studie o rukopisech (Manuscript Studies)

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