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PL
In this article, the author presents the lexical family with piecz-/piek- roots. A pool of 39 lexemes was extracted from all the available lexicographic sources of historical vocabulary and presented in the form of a word-forming cluster. The goal of the analysis was to display the internal structure of the chronological derivation of the core of the cluster, piec się with the group of terms of varying degrees of derivation. The analysis is an attempt at explaining the meaning behind the formations with piecz-/piek-roots. The reconstruction of the cluster leads to a discussion of the observed transformations, as well as identifying the nature of the changes to the meaning of specific units. To a large extent, the semantic modifications discussed contributed to constraints in the meaning. Once the primary meaning had disappeared, Polish language users would gradually become less aware of the word formation of the derivatives. Subsequently, the very large etymological cluster disintegrated.
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Polskie leksemy o rdzeniu nędz-/nud-

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EN
The paper presents the lexical family with the root nud-/nędz-. The material, containing as many as 52 word forms, excerpted from all of the available lexicographical sources of historical vocabulary, has been presented in the form of a word-formative nest. The goal of the analysis was to reveal the internal structure of motivational relations between the centre of the nest, Proto-Slavonic nuditi, and a group of words of varying degrees of derivativeness. The conducted analyses have revealed the principal metaphorical analogies which contributed to the generation of new metaphorical senses of specific linguistic units, and also, made it possible to indicate and discuss the observed changes in their meanings.
EN
The paper presents semantic changes to verbs of speech. These verbs are identified as obsolete in the lexicographical sources. The material was collected from Słownik języka polskiego, ed. W. Doroszewski, vol. 1–11, PAN, Warszawa 1958–1969 (reprint) and contains verbs qualified as: archaic, obsolete and getting out of use. 25 lexical units considered verbs of speech were analysed. These units have chronological and other qualifiers (e.g. dialectal, colloquial, humorous). Lexicographic data confirms the presence of various processes associated with the emergence of new and disappearance of unwanted meanings.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy zmian znaczeniowych wybranych czasowników mówienia, określonych w źródłach leksykograficznych jako nacechowane chronologicznie dawnością. Podstawę badawczą stanowią wyekscerpowane na podstawie Słownika języka polskiego, red. W. Doroszewski, t. 1–11, PAN, Warszawa 1958–1969 (reprint) czasowniki z kwalifikatorami dawne, przestarzałe, wychodzące z użycia. Analizie leksykograficznej zostało poddanych 25 jednostek leksykalnych uznanych za czasowniki mówienia, które oprócz kwalifikatorów chronologicznych miały także inne kwalifikatory wskazujące na jakieś ograniczenia związane z ich użyciem (np. gwarowe, potoczne, żartobliwe itp.). Informacje leksykograficzne potwierdzają istnienie różnorodnych procesów związanych z kształtowaniem się nowych i zanikaniem już niepotrzebnych znaczeń.
PL
The analysis of the material included in the Dictionary of Polish Local Dialects (DPLD) to present their geographical scopes in Polish local dialects; to show the degree to which they have been adopted by local dialects – both from the formal and the semantic point of view; to show the way they function in the local dialects; to group the borrowings into semantic fields and to present the way they function within the separated meaning groups. The presented material shows that the degree of intensity of Russian borrowings in particular semantic fields is varied. The largest amount of borrowings are names defining a man with reference to his physical and psychological features, as well as other features related to physical appearance. A little smaller semantic group includes the names of plants and animals. The language adopted specific names, often characteristic of the folk culture, which were related to practical everyday life. Such borrowings refer to the names of tools, vessels and objects typical of the life of the village. It is on the basis of such everyday life on the border that practical Polish and East Slavic relations developed. In quite a natural way, those relations caused language interference which resulted in the borrowings that are known even now. The presented material shows that the degree of intensity of Russian borrowings in particular semantic fields is varied.
EN
Names of Snakes in Latvian Texts of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth CenturiesThis article analyses the naming of snakes in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Latvian texts which are taken from the Corpus of Early Written Latvian Texts, containing the first Latvian dictionaries, religious texts, and some secular texts. The objective of the paper is to try to determine how precisely the translators of religious texts rendered names of snakes, and to ascertain whether any semantic changes have taken place, or whether religious texts show specific use. The study also aims to find out if taboo of dangerous animals, snakes in particular, and related euphemisation is reflected in early Latvian texts. The paper focuses on four Latvian words: čūska, odze, zalktis, and tārps; two of them, odze and zalktis, from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries until present time, have undergone significant semantic changes, probably because of euphemisation triggered by taboo. Comparison with the Lithuanian language allows to conclude that such usage, different from Modern Latvian, is neither specificity of old texts, nor incompetence of translators, but rather historical language facts. It is also established that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries animals as well as plants were not so strictly separated in peoples’ minds, the borders between their names were more fluid, therefore any of snakes’ names could be attributed to any snake species in Latvia. Nazwy węży w szesnasto- i siedemnastowiecznych tekstach łotewskichNiniejszy artykuł analizuje nazwy węży w szesnasto- i siedemnastowiecznych tekstach łotewskich, pochodzących z korpusu wczesnego piśmiennictwa łotewskiego, zawierającego pierwsze łotewskie słowniki, teksty religijne i świeckie. Autorka podejmuje próbę ustalenia, jak dokładnie tłumacze tekstów religijnych przekładali nazwy węży, oraz wyjaśnienia, czy zachodziły w tym zakresie zmiany semantyczne i czy teksty religijne zawierają specyficzne użycia. Artykuł ma również na celu ustalenie, czy tabu w odniesieniu do groźnych zwierząt, zwłaszcza węży, i związana z nim eufemizacja znajdują odzwierciedlenie we wczesnych tekstach łotewskich. Analiza skupia się na czterech łotewskich leksemach: čūska, odze, zalktis i tārps. W okresie od XVI i XVII wieku do czasów współczesnych, dwa z nich, odze i zalktis, uległy znacznym zmianom semantycznym, prawdopodobnie wywołanym eufemizacją wynikającą z tabu. Porównanie z językiem litewskim pozwala stwierdzić, że takie użycie, odmienne niż we współczesnej łotewszczyźnie, nie wynika ze specyfiki wczesnych tekstów łotewskich ani z braku kompetencji tłumaczy, lecz z historii języka. Jak wykazano, w XVI i XVII wieku poszczególne zwierzęta i rośliny nie były tak mocno wyodrębnione w ludzkiej świadomości, granice pomiędzy ich nazwami były bardziej płynne, a zatem wszystkie omawiane nazwy można przypisać wszystkim gatunkom węży występującym na Łotwie.
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EN
No reasonable explanation of the peculiar semantic proportion gołąb ‘pigeon’: gołąbek ‘cabbage roll’ (lit. ‘small pigeon’) has been presented so far. This author suggests that the latter is actually a separate word, possibly borrowed from some Oriental language, and only secondarily adapted to the Polish word gołąb ‘pigeon’ and thus also to its etymological equivalents in the Slavonic languages of Eastern Europe.
Gwary Dziś
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2021
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vol. 14
153-163
EN
The article focuses on the noun hasen / hasyn / hasynt, as well as the verb hasnować together with its prefix derivatives as they function in the local dialect of the village Bugaj at the Carpathian Foothills (Biecz commune, Gorlice county). In the local dialect of the Biecz region, the verb hasnować ‘to benefit from sth., to be profitable, beneficial’) – a derivative from the Slovak word hasen ‘profit, benefit, income,’ itself being of Hungarian origin (or considered to be a direct Hungarian borrowing) –has gained a new meaning: ‘to waste, to squander,’ and has come to collocate with names of material goods, money, property, etc. The article presents the lexicographic documentation of the analysed group of words, the territorial range of their usage, origin, meanings, as well as a hypothesis on the reasons underlying the semantic changes.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie rzeczownika hasen / hasyn / hasynt, czasownika hasnować i jego derywatów prefiksalnych funkcjonujących w gwarze Bugaja na Pogórzu (gm. Biecz, pow. Gorlice). Czasownik hasnować ‘zyskiwać, przynosić korzyść, pożytek’ – derywat od słowacyzmu pochodzenia węgierskiego hasen ‘zysk, korzyść, pożytek’ (przez niektórych uznawanego za bezpośredni hungaryzm) – w gwarze okolic Biecza zyskał nowe znaczenie ‘trwonić, marnować’, wykazując się łączliwością leksykalną z określeniami dóbr materialnych, pieniędzy, majątku itp. W artykule przedstawiono stan udokumentowania leksykograficznego omawianej grupy wyrazów, ich zasięg terytorialny, etymologię, znaczenia i hipotezę dotyczącą przyczyn zmian semantycznych.
EN
In her article the author discusses “success” – one of most important words defining the contemporary culture and people. She asks about the meaning of the word and compares its use in self-help books with the definition found in dictionaries of the Polish language. How is the contemporary “culture of success” created by those “new” meaning profiles? The first part of the analysis concerns the semantics of “success” in selected historical and modern dictionaries. K. Skowronek points out that the word has undergone the process of amelioration: from a neutral element to a positive one. The second part of the article is a narrative analysis. The author presents the semantics of the word in contemporary self-help books. She highlights its individualistic and self-disciplining character. Nowadays, success is synonymous with happiness and the meaning of life. It predominantly entails an obsessive chase while not necessarily a real achievement.
EN
In the article the author presents the data from the dictionary of the Polish dialect used in the South-Eastern Borderlands (on the basis of Trembowla and Wierzbowiec). The analysis focuses on the borrowings and particularly on the semantic changes which the words undergo as a result of a direct contact of three tongues: Polish, Ukrainian and Russian. The foreign-language items in the dictionary are not simple for the evaluation and classification because they tend to show multidirectional influences – of a specific language, of the lexical composition of the mother tongue. A particularly distinct borderline occurs between regionalisms and Ukrainian and German influences. The biggest problems in interpretation are caused by the vocabulary items that overlap in these languages, so that it is not often possible to reconstruct the direction of the influence. Certain expressions, e.g. of German origin, are found both in Polish and Ukrainian. It is then difficult to establish whether they are independent loans in each of the languages or they have been borrowed via an intermediary language, either Polish or Ukrainian.
Język Polski
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2017
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vol. 97
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issue 3
114-128
PL
Artykuł ten jest trzecim z serii tekstów poświęconych śladom prawa Raska-Grimma w angielszczyźnie w ujęciu kontrastywnym uwzględniającym polskie wyrazy pokrewne i koncentruje się na zestawieniach kontrowersyjnych. W pierwszej części uwzględnione zostały sporne wyrazy pokrewne, które nie występują w słownikach etymologicznych języka polskiego. Podzielone one zostały na trzy grupy: etymologie prawdopodobne, nie(zupełnie) jasne oraz niepewne i zagadkowe. Każdemu zestawieniu towarzyszy analiza najważniejszych rozbieżności wynikających ze zmian dźwiękowych, rozwoju semantycznego i budowy słowotwórczej prowadząca czasem do nowych interpretacji. W drugiej części przedstawione zostały polsko-angielskie pary zawierające taką samą odpowiedniość (pol. p /ang. f), która nie jest wynikiem pokrewieństwa, lecz skutkiem kontaktów językowych, a wśród nich przypadki wczesnych zapożyczeń germańskich w prasłowiańszczyźnie.
EN
The present paper is the third in the series devoted to the traces of Grimm’s Law in Polish-English cognates and it concentrates on the change from PIE *p to PGmc *f, but this time the focus is on the controversial cases, which are omitted from Polish etymological dictionaries. Firstly, ten disputable etymologies are presented together with argumentation pertaining to phonological, morphological and semantic developments and leading to new interpretations. The comparisons have been divided into three groups: (1) likely etymologies, which could enter Polish etymological dictionaries, (2) unclear or not fully clear and (3) doubtful/mysterious etymologies, which, despite similarity, present serious formal problems. Secondly, loanwords are divided according to whether they demonstrate effects of Grimm’s Law or not, as cases of Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic display the same sound correspondence for different reasons.
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