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PL
Anna Gulczyńska, Aneta Wojciechowska, Sex education of adolescents with autism spectrum disorders in Poland. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 24, Poznań 2019. Pp. 155-176. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X.DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.24.09 The aim of this article is to present the results of research into how mothers of individuals with ASD perceive school sex education. The article aims to contribute to the discussion on the need to introduce changes in the Polish education system as far as the area of sexuality is concerned. The study was carried out in two parts, at time intervals. The results were obtained only from mothers, which corresponds with the conclusion that mothers talk about matters of sexuality more often than fathers do and with daughters rather than with sons. The results indicate that mothers want to influence the sex education of their children, at the same time having no knowledge of what topics they are pursuing or can pursue with their child during formal sex education at school (education for living in a family).
EN
Health education is related to the health promotion. This is a process aimed to shaping people’s habits of taking care of their and other people’s health. The sexual education can be considered as one of the health education departments. The article attempts to show the answer to the question how in the pages of the “Sexual World” coming out in Lviv in 1905-1906, how to prevent and cope during the illness was taught, and suggested where to look for the medical care, especially in the case of venereal diseases, which are often side effects of prostitution.
EN
This research project focuses on the presentation of sexuality in children before they enter the school system. The study provides theoretical basis of sexuality and sex education. Included in the research project are the result of the on site study with parents and children of the preschool and kindergarden age and also the teachers working with this target group. Results not only describe sexual presentation of the children but also the reactions of others to those presentations.
EN
The article analyzes the approaches to sex education of children in noble-intelligent environment that were formed in Russia during the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. It is noted that on the one hand these practices reflected a certain evolution, and on the other, the earlier forms actively continued to coexist with the later ones. The theme is studied on the analysis of a wide range of sources: publicistic materials and documents of managemenzt and record keeping, works of educators and hygienists, memoirs. The traditional form of children’s sex education in a noble family, that was the most popular until the 80-ies of the XIX century, was a boycott of discussion of this topic, the fight to preserve the “innocence” of girls and consent to “training” of young men to “natural relations”. At the turn of the century an increasing number of parents came to the recognition of the need for sexual awareness in the field of sexual relations, but, not wanting to be engaged in this task, they tried to delegate it to “experts”. Finally, at the end of the period under review the overwhelming majority of educators and hygienists came to the conclusion that sex education should be a family thing. However, this professional approach found no special support in real life.
5
92%
EN
This article analyses the discourses of anti-gender movements circulating in Brazil and Argentina. The aim of our research is to determine the regularities and specificities of these movements. Specifically, it analyses the representations that are mobilised in the political sphere about gender and sexuality and the role that is attributed to the school institution in these matters. Therefore, an analysis is made of the discussion relating to legislative bills and the parliamentary debates that took place on the Escola Sem Partido (ESP) in Brazil between 2014 and 2017 and on the Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo (IVE) in Argentina in 2018. The focus here is exclusively on the discourse employed in favour of the ESP project in Brazil and against the IVE in Argentina, since the ESP and the IVE are opposed to the expansion of rights relating to gender and sexuality. Finally, we concluded that the anti-gender discourse in these countries shares with the religious discourse its precepts relating to gender and sexuality issues. However, the current discourse of this movement is not positioned grounded in religious discourse. Instead, it appeals to scientific and legal discourses as a mechanism of establishing legitimacy and as a way of attracting a wider audience.
EN
The article is a summary and an analysis of a discussion by mail that was published in ‘Dobra Gospodyni’, a household magazine for provincial gentry, in 1904. A flurry of letters written by the readers concerned the subject of methods and benefits of sex education of girls and maturing teenagers. The article puts the discussion in the context of the contemporary public debate on the same subject, identifying the arguments and inspirations adopted by the participants both from the conservative and progressive, emancipatory side.
EN
Issues regarding sexuality should be considered against their biological and social context. Trends in educational change result from new understanding and social and cultural transformation. Questions have arisen about a new model for sex education in view of social transformation and the increasing role of media in attitude formation (Chomczyńska-Miliszkiewicz, 2002; Giddens, 2007; Izdebski, Wąż, 2011). The hypothesis is that informal sources of information on human sexuality significantly influence formal education in this respect through shaping teacher and student attitudes and popularisation of specific knowledge and behaviour models. The verification of this hypothesis was attempted in the study reported here, involving 101 teachers and student biology teachers. This educational experiment included a diagnostic survey and a focused interview. Thurston’s scale was applied. Conclusions from the study suggested recommendations regarding sex education at various stages of education and revealed new areas for research on the educational role of social transformation.
EN
Authors of the report focus on the analysis of the current situation and problems in implementing institutional sex education in the Slovak school system. Particular attention to the sexual socialization of students with intellectual disabilities in special primary schools with a focus on content analysis and methodological issues of sex education. Emphasize the need for education on sexual and reproductive health, which should be according to the authors compulsory part of the school curriculum not only for students with intellectual disabilities.
EN
The article is based on the theoretical framework of the ethics of care while examining the media narratives of sex education that emerged in connection with one of the questions in the Slovak Referendum on the Family in 2015. The first part of the article describes the approach of the ethics of care inspired by the work of Joan Tronto and other scholars as an analytic framework for the study of public policies. By means of critical frame analysis, the article also examines the subjectivity of children and young people in narrative interviews and looks at how these dominant actors define the provision of this education as a form of care. The article explores what needs, problems, and risks political actors ascribe to children and young people within the frame of these narratives and what features of argumentation are shared by these discursive frameworks. The article’s objective is to analyse media representations around the time of the referendum in order to identify new issues for public education policy, in which sex education plays an important but problematic role.
XX
In the article the author’s attention is focused on the representation of the spread in the EU classification of groups of methods of training and education, disclosure of the main methods of sex education of pupils. Their detailed description is given on the basis of conceptual and comparative analysis; analysis of the native and foreign experience, conceptual approaches to the study of the problems of sex education of students in the EU, as well as ordering and analyzing the facts of input data sources, journal publications, making it possible to identify the main methods of sex education, such as lectures, conversation, discussion, promotion, punishment, approval, support, methods of control and self-control, a method of creating educational situations, active method (unfinished sentence, writing essays on given topic; complete works on the same principle, “writing reviews” on the articles on sexual topics, etc.), interactive methods and project method, or “brainstorming” methods of working with printed text, and others. It is determined that sexual education of students, preparing them for adult life and responsible parenthood will be effective when the student turns actively in the learning and training process and consciously makes his choices concerning the proposed arsenal of ways to achieve the goals of sex education. The task of the teacher is the construction of such a concept of studies, which would cause emotional factor, openness of the teacher and his judgment in this situation are the most important for this process. As revealed, analyzed methods of sex education are aimed at students’ mastering modern knowledge, skills and attitudes of sex-stuying nature of the sexual-experience decision-making in relation to persons of the other sex and efficient resolution of the problems encountered in the process of interpersonal relationships. An important factor in this favor is creativity in teaching the public around the EU to improve the already recognized in the practice of sexual education of students and implementing new, innovative methods, forms and means of instruction and education of the younger generation.
EN
Aim of research. The main goal of this paper is to analyse the phenomenon of prostitution among university students. The study presents the scale of this phenomenon and its causes. Methodology. The study was conducted among 1,877 university students. Respondents were interviewed through an online panel survey. Students spoke about their own experience in prostitution and shared thoughts about the approval for this phenomenon. Results and conclusions. Based on obtained answers, it was possible to identify conditioning for student prostitution, which encompasses biological, psychological, environmental, cultural, and economic factors. Moreover, students mentioned additional reasons for taking up prostitution: difficult financial situation during studies, above-average sex drive, laziness, and consumer mentality supported by the culture of promiscuity. It turned out that each of the mentioned factors may encourage students to become involved in prostitution. The analysis also drew attention to the lack of sexual education, conducive to risky sexual behaviours of young people. The research has shown that a large group of students exchange sex for money. Originality. The risky sexual behaviours of students are still an unexplored area of knowledge. Prostitution, due to its controversial nature, is treated as a taboo subject. The article proves that the phenomenon of student prostitution is common and requires a more in-depth analysis.
EN
In 2010 sex education became a surprising target of criticism in the secular Czech Republic. The voices of social conservatives were raised and were answered by the Minister of Education, who launched a reform of educational curricula to exclude sex education. This article analyses the discursive strategies employed by conservative opponents of sex education and highlights the interpretive repertoires of sexuality and gender. The authors argue that Czech conservatives deploy both a moral panic strategy and a discursive strategy of empowerment that uses positive sanctions to support ‘good sex’, defined exclusively as marital, procreative heterosex. This interpretive repertoire of ‘good and healthy sexuality’ is universally intelligible and thus has the potential to resonate not only with social conservatives but throughout society. When combined with other socially conservative agendas it has the capacity to regiment the public space and diminish the role of public institutions.
PL
Ze względu na sytuację polityczną i społeczną ostatnie lata to czas niepewności wokół zagadnienia edukacji seksualnej dzieci oraz młodzieży. Unikanie jej realizacji uwidacznia się w pracy z młodzieżą pełnosprawną, jednak w jeszcze większym stopniu jest obserwowane w terapii i edukacji osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną, niepełnosprawnością sprzężoną i zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu. Takie działania są szkodliwe, bowiem osoby te są w większym stopniu narażone na wykorzystanie seksualne, a pozbawione edukacji seksualnej mogą wchodzić w rolę sprawców przemocy seksualnej lub podejmować ryzykowne i problemowe zachowania o charakterze seksualnym. Artykuł prezentuje czynniki związane z określoną niepełnosprawnością lub neuroróżnorodnością, które powinny zostać uwzględnione w planowaniu edukacji seksualnej. Omawia także prawne i organizacyjne aspekty realizacji edukacji seksualnej w polskich placówkach, z uwzględnieniem roli osób ją realizujących.
EN
Due to the political and social situation, recent years have been a time of uncertainty around the issue of sex education of children and adolescents. Avoiding its implementation is evident when working with non-disabled youth, however, it is even more observed in the therapy and education of people with intellectual disabilities, conjugated disabilities and autism spectrum disorders. Such actions are harmful, because these people are more exposed to sexual abuse, and without sex education they can enter the role of perpetrators of sexual violence or take risky and problematic sexual behavior. The article presents factors related to a specific disability or neurodiversity that should be included in the planning of sex education. He also discusses the legal and organizational aspects of the implementation of sex education in Polish institutions, including the role of those implementing it.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o rodzicielstwie podjętym przez młodocianych, a więc o tych osobach, którym urodziło się dziecko między 15 a 19 rokiem ich życia. Mówi się tu nie tylko o etiologii zjawiska, ale również o jego społecznych aspektach i o problemach, z jakimi muszą zmagać się nastoletni rodzice. W tym kontekście podjęty zostaje wątek małżeństw zawieranych przez nastolatków. Opisane zostają nie tylko regulacje prawne, ale również oczekiwania społeczne wobec dziewcząt i chłopców, którzy zostają rodzicami, jako nastolatkowie. Podkreślone zostaje znaczenie edukacji seksualnej, jako czynnika kształtującego świadomość i postawy nastolatków, w zakresie prokreacji. Jest to szczególnie ważne, ponieważ kultura masowa nierzadko sprowadza seksualność do wymiaru fizycznych doznań i działań. Autorka wskazuje również na problemy emocjonalne i społeczne, które mogą pojawić się przy zawieraniu małżeństw przez nastolatków. Nawiązując do szerszej perspektywy tego problemu autorka podejmuje namysł nad relacjami, jakie zachodzą w rodzinie, z której wywodzą się nastoletni rodzice, a w szczególności nad komunikacją i podejmowaną tematyką rozmów. Podkreślone zostaje to, że rodzice mają obowiązek zadbać o prawidłowy rozwój i wychowanie dziecka, również w kwestii wychowania seksualnego.
EN
Article is about parenthood undertaken by youth, so about those people who had a child between 15 and 19 years old. This is not only about the etiology of the phenomenon, but also about the social aspects and problems with which teenage parents have to contend. In this context, the topic will be taken up is the teenage marriages. These are not just regulations, but also the social expectations of boys and girls who become parents as teenagers. Emphasized is the importance of sex education as a factor creating the awareness and attitudes of teenagers in a scope of procreation. This is basicly important because mass culture often brings sexuality to the level of physical sensations and actions. The author also points the emotional and social problems that may occur in taking youth marriages. Referring to a wider view of the problem the author takes reflection on the relationships that may happen in families, from which come the teenage parents and in particular on the subject of communication and topics that are taken up. Underlined is that parents have a duty to ensure proper development and education of children, also in terms of sex education.
EN
For modern liberal democracies, it is characterized by disputes about the ways in which educational practices relating to sexuality are implemented. In the context of the subject matter of this article, it is possible to consider the appropriateness of the term “sex” as a relevant term, and what are the meanings given to the terminology adopted for the practice of knowledge transfer, skills development and attitudes relating to sexuality. As an excuse for these analyzes, the new curriculum of the subject “Education for the Family” for students and pupils of grades 4–8 in the new textbook: [student] can exchange the differences between education and sexual education and [the student] Characterize and evaluate various references to sexuality: permissive, relative, and normative. I have accepted that the need to familiarize students and pupils with the meanings of sexual education and sexual education is a result of the desire to set clear boundaries between certain valued educational practices related to sexuality. Such an approach allows for the initial distinction of two different perspectives. In this text, they will be confronted with a discursive approach to sexual education, and with it the multiplicity and diversity of approaches constructed in different cultural contexts.
PL
Dla współczesnych demokracji liberalnych charakterystyczne jest prowadzenie sporów dotyczących sposobów realizacji praktyk kształcenia, odnoszących się do seksualności. W kontekście tematyki tego artykułu za znaczące można uznać opatrzenie „stosowną” nazwą zajęć odnoszących się do płciowości oraz to, jakie znaczenia są nadawane terminologii przyjętej dla praktyki przekazu wiedzy, kształtowania umiejętności i postaw wobec płciowości. Pretekstem do omówionych analiz stało się umieszczenie w nowej wersji podstawy programowej przedmiotu: „wychowanie do życia w rodzinie”, przeznaczonej dla uczniów i uczennic klas 4–8 szkoły podstawowej, zapisu: „[uczeń] potrafi wymienić różnice pomiędzy edukacją a wychowaniem seksualnym” oraz „[uczeń] potrafi scharakteryzować i ocenić różne odniesienia do seksualności: permisywne, relatywne i normatywne”. Przyjęłam, że obecna w tych zapisach potrzeba zapoznania uczniów oraz uczennic ze znaczeniami nadawanymi wychowaniu seksualnemu oraz edukacji seksualnej wynika z chęci ustanowienia wyraźnych granic pomiędzy w określony sposób wartościowanymi praktykami edukacyjnymi odnoszącymi się do seksualności. Takie ujęcie pozwala na wstępne wyróżnienie dwóch zróżnicowanych perspektyw. W niniejszym tekście zostaną one skonfrontowane z dyskursywnym ujęciem edukacji seksualnej, a wraz z nim – z wielością i różnorodnością podejść konstruowanych w odmiennych kontekstach kulturowych.
16
70%
PL
Instytucjonalizacja edukacji seksualnej w Polsce oraz konstytuowanie się treści dla zajęć: Wychowanie do życia w rodzinie to procesy, którym na przestrzeni ostatnich lat towarzyszyło żywe zainteresowanie ze strony polityków rożnych opcji. Oba procesy stanowiły swoisty element dyskursu władzy, którego częścią stały się dążenia do wytworzenia w uczniach „określonego” podejścia do seksualności, a wraz z nim pożądanych społecznie skutków „w dziedzinie płciowości”. Potraktowaniu tych dwóch obszarów w kategorii „naczynia połączonego” towarzyszy w tym artykule pojawienie się specyficznego obszaru analiz. Jego wyodrębnieniu służyło opisanie charakterystyk polityki społeczno - demograficznej oraz poddanie analizom treści podstaw programowych zajęć: Wychowanie do życia obowiązujących w szkole gimnazjalnej i ponadgimnazjalnej w okresie pomiędzy 1999 a 2014 rokiem. Przyjęłam, że podstawa programowa nie tylko pełni funkcję tekstu określającego zakres problematyki, która powinna się znaleźć w podręczniku, ale także odzwierciedla przekonania dominujących grup społecznych na kwestie społeczno - demograficzne. Celem podjętych rozważań stało się więc prześledzenie tendencji obecnych w polityce społeczno – demograficznej i przenikających do podstawy programowej, a dalej też rekonstrukcja jej znaczeń. Analizy te stanowiły wynik inspiracji propozycją badawczą Normana Fairclougha, mieszcząc się w polu badań odnoszących się do języka (w) edukacji. Podjęte rozważania stały się podstawą do formułowania wniosków odnoszących się do teraźniejszości i przyszłości szkolnej edukacji seksualnej.
EN
Institutionalization of sex education in Poland and the constitution of content for classes: Family life educaction are processes which have been accompanied by a keen interest from politicians of various options over recent years. Both processes constituted a specific element of the discourse of power, part of which became the striving to create in students a "specific" approach to sexuality, and with it the socially desirable effects "in the field of sexuality”. The treatment of these two areas in the category of "connected vessels" is accompanied by the appearance of a specific area of analysis in this article. Its separation was used to describe the characteristics of socio-demographic policy and to subject the content of the core curriculum to analyzes: Family life education in junior high and high school in the period between 1999 and 2014. I assumed that the core curriculum not only serves as a text defining the scope of the problem, which should be included in the textbook, but also reflects the beliefs of the dominant social groups on socio-demographic issues. Therefore, the aim of the undertaken considerations is to follow the tendencies present in socio-demographic policy and penetrate to the core curriculum, and also to reconstruct its meanings. These analyzes were the result of inspiration from the research proposal of Norman Fairclough, falling into the field of research relating to language (in) education. The considerations undertaken became the basis for formulating conclusions referring to the present and the future of school sex education.
EN
Sexuality is an important sphere of life that is particularly explored, learned and integrated in the context of one’s personality at the time of youth. Human sexuality, as the gift incorporated into the nature of creation, is good in itself and welcomed by the Maker. It is the task of the Church to present the beauty of this gift and demonstrate to the world the Christian vision of sexuality that does not limit or deprive a man of anything but brings out the best in himself, the most beautiful and valuable aspects. The article aims at asking the crucial questions about cultural, social and civilization-related context that gives the framework for the teaching of the Church. The image of contemporary generation of the Polish youth and their values was presented based on most recent sociological research. A selection of contemporary culture phenomena portraying objectified human sexuality was presented. The author outlined challenges that the Church is facing when it tries to enter the world of the youth, pointing out the things to be remembered in the moral and pastoral work.
PL
Sfera seksualna jest ważną sferą życia, a czas młodości to czas odkrywania jej tajników, uczenia się jej, integrowania w kontekście całej osobowości. Seksualność człowieka, jako dar wpisany w naturę stworzenia, jest czymś dobrym i chcianym przez Stwórcę. Zadaniem Kościoła jest ukazywać piękno tego daru i przedstawiać światu chrześcijańską wizję seksualności, która człowieka nie ogranicza i nie zubaża, ale wydobywa z niego to, co najwartościowsze. Artykuł jest próbą podjęcia istotnego pytania o kontekst kulturowy, społeczny, cywilizacyjny, w którym odbywa się nauczanie Kościoła. Na podstawie najnowszych badań socjologicznych ukazano obraz współczesnego pokolenia polskiej młodzieży oraz jej świat wartości. Przedstawiono wybrane zjawiska we współczesnej kulturze, w których widoczne jest uprzedmiotowienie ludzkiej seksualności. Naszkicowano wyzwania, przed jakimi stoi Kościół, chcący wejść w świat młodych, wskazując, na co powinien zwrócić uwagę w swojej praktyce duszpastersko-moralnej.
18
66%
Teologia i Moralność
|
2014
|
vol. 9
|
issue 2(16)
147-154
EN
Implementation of the sexual education into schools seems to be controversial for parents and teachers. Nowadays  it is said that we are born as sexual beings. Hence children should already  be  taught that  in kindergarten. However the particular principles of WHO arise  serious doubts. Liberal sexual education is based on separation between different kinds of sexual activities  and family or marriage issue.  It is  high time to finish any sexual politics which is against such values as love, marriage, faithfulness or family.
PL
Wprowadzenie do szkół edukacji seksualnej budzi wiele wątpliwości rodziców oraz nauczycieli. Współczesne standardy opierają się na założeniu, że rodzimy się jako istoty seksualne. I dlatego edukować należy już dzieci w przedszkolu. Jednak dokładna analiza zaleceń Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia budzi wiele wątpliwości. Liberalna edukacja seksualna zakłada bowiem oddzielenie współżycia oraz innych form ekspresji seksualnej od kwestii rodziny i małżeństwa. Może już najwyższy czas, aby skończyć z polityką seksualną wymierzoną przeciwko takim wartościom jak miłość, małżeństwo, wierność czy rodzina.
EN
The issue of sexual education raises emotional discussions and polemics in the public space. In the Apostolic Exhortation Amoris laetitia Pope Francis encourages an in-depth reflection on this issue in the light of the educational principles inspired by the wisdom of the Gospel. The author of this paper recalls the principle of the sexual education: affirmation of the dignity of the person and shaping responsible freedom through the formation of moral conscience and virtues, as well as the principle of restraint and chastity. They are essential and necessary for taking current challenges of education, including proper moral formation, banalisation of sexuality or gender ideology.
PL
Zagadnienie edukacji seksualnej wzbudza w przestrzeni publicznej żywe dyskusje i polemiki. W adhortacji Amoris laetitia papież Franciszek zachęca do pogłębionej refleksji nad tym zagadnieniem w świetle pryncypiów wychowawczych inspirowanych mądrością Ewangelii. Autor artykułu przypomina sformułowane przez papieża pryncypia afirmacji godności osoby oraz kształtowania odpowiedzialnej wolności dzięki uformowanemu sumieniu i sprawnościom moralnym, a także zasady powściągliwości i czystości. Są one niezbędne do tego, aby zmierzyć się z aktualnymi wyzwaniami edukacji, do których należą m. in. właściwa formacja moralna, problem banalizacji płciowości czy ideologia gender.
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie koncepcji wychowania seksualnego małych dzieci zaproponowanej przez Izabelę Moszczeńską w książce zatytułowanej „Jak rozmawiać z dziećmi o kwestyach drażliwych”. Pozycja ta ukazała się w 1904 roku i była bardzo szeroko dyskutowana w kręgach pedagogów początku XX wieku. Analiza materiału źródłowego wykazuje, że propozycja wychowania seksualnego I. Moszczeńskiej była przemyślana i uporządkowana. Odwoływała się do ówczesnej wiedzy oraz wskazywała konkretne rozwiązania praktyczne, z których mogli korzystać rodzice przy uświadamianiu swojego dziecka. Propozycja edukacji seksualnej opracowana przez I. Moszczeńską została ujęta w czterech punktach: 1. Praca z dzieckiem powinna przede wszystkim skłonić rodziców do przemyślenia, jaki obraz seksualności chcą przekazać swojemu dziecku. Płciowość człowieka powinna być ukazywana w kontekście prokreacji i odpowiedzialności rodziców za wychowanie dziecka. Celem takiego postępowania jest przygotowanie dziecka do pełnienia przyszłych ról rodzinnych i społecznych. 2. Zalecaną metodą pracy z dzieckiem jest rozmowa odwołująca się do opracowań naukowych oraz do przykładów zaczerpniętych ze świata przyrody. 3. Praca z dzieckiem powinna się opierać na szczerości i prawdomówności. 4. Zakres tematyczny uświadamiania dziecka powinien bazować na jego zainteresowaniach wyrażanych w zadawanych rodzicom (matce) pytaniach. Propozycja edukacyjna Izabeli Moszczeńskiej była skierowana do rodziców z warstwy inteligenckiej. Brak w niej wskazówek dla rodziców z najuboższych sfer.
EN
The aim of this article is to discuss the conception of sex education for young children put forward by Izabela Moszczeńska in her book How to Talk to Children about Sensitivities. The book was published in 1904, and was widely discussed in educational circles at the beginning of the 20th century. Analysis of the source materials show that the conception of sex education proposed by Izabela Moszczeńska was well-considered and systematic. It referred to the that time knowledge and indicated specific practical solutions which could be applied by parents when explaining the facts of life to their children. Her conception of sex education can be summarised in four points: 1. Working with a child should primarily inspire parents to consider what kind of image of sexuality they want to transmit to their child. Child sexuality ought to be presented in the context of procreation, as well as of parents’ responsibility for their child’s education. The purpose of such an approach is to prepare the child for its future roles in the family and in society. 2. The recommended method for working with a child is to give a talk that refers to scientific studies and examples derived from nature. 3. Working with a child ought to be based on frankness and truthfulness. 4. The scope of thematic information for a child should be based on their own interests, as revealed verbally in the questions they direct to their parents (the mother). Moszczeńska’s educational proposal was directed at parents from the bourgeois intelligentsia. There is no mention of any recommendations for parents from the less wealthy spheres of society.
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