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Is redistributive policy of EU welfare state effective in tackling income inequality? A panel data analysis

100%
Wildowicz-Szumarska A.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
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2022
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vol. 17
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issue 1
81-101
EN
Research background: Income inequality has risen sharply since the 1990s, despite the increase in the average size of redistribution in countries representing different welfare state models. The problem of increasing income inequality is currently a challenge for the EU economies, not only with well-established liberal traditions, but also with conservative and social-democratic ones. Therefore, it is worth conducting research on the redistributive effects of fiscal policy. Purpose of the article: The article aims to show the redistributive effects of fiscal policy, paying particular attention to the most characteristic trends in redistribution, which are responsible for the growing income inequality. An overview of the fiscal instruments ? mainly personal income tax and benefit systems ? along with an empirical research on their potential impact on income inequality, allows for conclusions to be drawn about the effectiveness of redistributive policy in the EU countries. Methods: Both descriptive analysis and panel data analysis is implemented to examine the effectiveness of redistributive policy in tackling income inequality in the EU?28 countries in years 2005?2017. Findings & value added: Based on the panel analysis, it has been found that social transfers were much more effective than direct taxes in combating income inequality. In addition, the largest increase in income inequality ? as previously assumed ? was observed in the liberal welfare states, while the smallest in the social democratic welfare states. The empirical analysis extends the existing knowledge on main weaknesses of fiscal welfare state, indicating the required changes that may improve both its equity and efficiency.
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Transfery socjalne w Polsce w kontekście ubóstwa monetarnego i wielowymiarowego

75%
Szulc A.
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician
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2019
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vol. 64
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issue 3
7-26
EN
The article examines the impact of the social transfers on well-being distribution in Poland in 2010 and 2014. The main purpose is to assess the relationship between the distribution of benefits and of well-being, the impact of benefits on social indicators (i.e. the incidence and intensity of monetary and multidimensional poverty) as well as the influence of benefits on the behaviour of beneficiaries. The individual well-being is measured by means of equivalent income as well as by multidimensional indicator, including also consumption, dwelling quality, household appliances and subjective evaluations of the economic position. The study is based on data for 2010 and 2014 from the household budget survey of Statistics Poland. The comparison of the distribution of transfers and well-being indicates that the benefits are definitely pro-poor, irrespectively to the method of comparison and well-being measure. In 2014, as compared to 2010, higher reduction of poverty due to the transfers took place, in spite of the reduced number of recipients. However, the estimation of the net effect of the benefits including behavioural responses suggests strong demotivation effect.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badania wpływu transferów socjalnych na rozkład zamożności w Polsce w latach 2010 i 2014. Jego celem jest ocena: związku między rozkładem świadczeń i rozkładem zamożności, wpływu świadczeń na wartości wskaźników społecznych (tu: indeksów zasięgu i głębokości ubóstwa monetarnego i wielowymiarowego) oraz wpływu świadczeń na zachowania beneficjentów. Jako miary zamożności przyjęto dochód ekwiwalentny oraz wskaźnik wielowymiarowy, uwzględniający również wydatki konsumpcyjne, warunki mieszkaniowe, wyposażenie w sprzęty oraz subiektywne oceny sytuacji materialnej. Wykorzystano informacje z badania budżetów gospodarstw domowych GUS z lat 2010 i 2014. Zestawienie rozkładu dobrobytu z rozkładem świadczeń wskazuje, że premiują one przede wszystkim osoby w najgorszej sytuacji materialnej, niezależnie od sposobu porównywania tych rozkładów i przyjętej miary zamożności. W 2014 r. stopień redukcji ubóstwa jako efektu świadczeń zwiększył się w porównaniu z 2010 r., pomimo zmniejszenia liczby odbiorców. Oszacowania średniego efektu netto świadczeń biorące pod uwagę reakcje odbiorców wskazują jednak na ich silny efekt demotywujący.
3

Income (In)Justice in the Czech Republic

75%
Birčiaková N., Stávková J., Antošová V.
DANUBE: Law and Economics Review
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2013
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vol. 4
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issue 3
185-199
EN
The present paper deals with the income situation of households in the Czech Republic between 2005 and 2011. The subject of observation is disposable income per equalized member. We attempt to assess income inequality based on a Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve. Another point of observation is the development of the poverty level. The poverty gap is assessed using a Sen index. Special attention is paid to groups of households according to economic activity (employed, self-employed, pensioner, unemployed, other). Using Scheffe’s method of contrast, specific pairs of demonstrable differences between levels of economic activity are detected. The poverty of individual groups is assessed based on poverty level and risk-of-poverty index. The performed analyses showed that the total incomes of households within the given period were increasing, even though the year-on-year increments were gradually decreasing. The most significant increase was observed in the incomes of unemployed people, the least significant increase in the incomes of self-employed people. Social policy in the Czech Republic does mitigate poverty; however, it does not prevent the unfair development of incomes for various groups of households.
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