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Umění (Art)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue 1
26-38
XX
A remarkable collection of sculpture has survived in the border region between Bohemia and Moravia. They originated in the woodcarving workshops that operated in the cultural area around the City of Olomouc circa 1500. The little-known works, recently studied during the author's research on eastern Bohemian Gothic sculpture, significantly extend our knowledge of the range of workshop activity in this Moravian city at that time. The article looks at a sculpture of St Catherine from Česká Třebová and a sculpture of Anna Selbdritt (the Virgin and the Child with St Anne) from Nový Dvůr u Jaroměřic, both of which come from the workshop of the Master of the Crucifixion from Kunčice, which was probably already operating in Olomouc by the end of the 15th century. Finding these two works in the border region between Bohemia and Moravia is significant not just in that it expands the oeuvre and iconographic repertoire of sculptural work by the Olomouc workshop of the Master of the Crucifixion from Kunčice, but in that, when viewed in the cultural-historical context of the assumed commissioning party, both sculptures are of enormous value as sources of information on the character of local late mediaeval culture in that region. The article devotes special attention to the artistic patronage of those members of the Moravian nobility whose estates extended beyond the provincial border of Moravia and who contributed to shaping the cultural and political life of eastern Bohemia in the late Gothic and early Renaissance periods. The two sculptural works undeniably add strength to the assumption that the workshop of the Master of the Crucifixion from Kunčice was operating in the cultural area around Olomouc in the first third of the 16th century and its influence reached beyond the borders of the Margraviate of Moravia. The article also notes the genesis of the workshop's distinctive style, which seems initially to have been very influenced by the work of Veit Stoss in Krakow and Nuremburg, but which in its later days moved on to and drew in a distinctive way on a new source of inspiration, the early prints of Albrecht Dürer.
EN
Development of economic and social values is regarded as a key factor in urban development and urban regeneration. With its history of urban renewal and regeneration since the 1970s, Rotterdam provides an example to assess the profound changes from a socialized mode of housing provision and urban renewal towards more market-oriented strategies. In this light, new forms of gentrification are becoming a regular strategy in former urban renewal areas, mainly dominated by social housing. The paper examines the development of economic and social values in areas of Rotterdam that have been transformed through the vast urban renewal and subsequent regeneration programs. Mostly these programs are area-based approaches that got priority in more European countries.
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Kultura a systemy finansowe

80%
Prakseologia
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2013
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issue 154
171-185
EN
In the modern economy, financial systems are vital to the allocation of financial resources. These systems help direct indivudals’ savings to the corporate sector and allocate investment funds among companies. Countries vary in the structure of these financial systems. In some financial systems, the stock exchange dominates, while in others, banks are the most important. What influences diversity in financial system structure? A key factor might be national culture. In order to assess the impact of culture on accounting patterns, it is important to consider the structure of culture and its dimensions. I apply the classification of cultures proposed by G. Hofstede – despite the criticism it received over the years. Cultural value dimensions with a relation to accounting values are as follows: Individualism, Power Distance, and Uncertainty Avoidance. The article also employs S.J. Gray’s theory of cultural relevance. According to Gray, societal values aff ect accounting practices in two ways: indirectly, through their influence on institutional consequences, and directly, through their influence on accounting values such as professionalism versus statutory control, uniformity versus fl exibility, conservatism versus optimism, and secrecy versus transparency. Th e article has implications for those who are responsible for corporate governance codes. It suggests that there is no uniform financial system; the influence of culture and the institutional envoronment are factors which should be taken into account when making any decision in the sphere of accounting.
EN
This essay considers the concrete consequences for human lives of social and eco-nomic values. Through case studies indicative of the Victorian age, early 20th century and contemporary 21st century, the evolutionary change in specific values is exhibited. Values are recognized as essentially shaping human conduct, while the exercise of indi-vidual choices in this milieu has resulted in progressive shifts breaking up the rigid adherence to values, establishing the possibility in some areas for greater tolerance, such as in the area of mores determining the institution of marriage. The destructive nature of corruption through material values is also presented.
EN
Gender equality has progressed a great deal in recent decades in response to modernisation, industrialisation, and the generally rising level of education. A transformation in gender beliefs has accompanied the progress on gender equality and beliefs about gender roles have mainly changed in countries in North America and Europe, while in Muslim and Asian countries they have remained the same. The analysis in this article focuses on civic participation and investigates its relation to equalitarian gender beliefs. Multi-level regression models and data from World Values Survey (WVS) collected from 46 countries in 2005 allow depicting the relationships. The findings show that membership in civic associations covariates with equalitarian gender beliefs, but the sign of the relation depends on the gender and the type of association.
EN
Background: Substance abuse has the potential to change value orientations and affects all aspects of human life. Objectives: The text aims to show the shift in value orientations of respondents who use addictive substances compared to respondents who do not. Methodology: One-way ANOVA was used in the statistical analysis of the dependence of the values on the occurrence of abusive behaviour, with dependencies at the level of p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the group of respondents with abstinence from each addictive substance and the group of respondents without abstinence. Substance abuse shifts pro-family values towards greater individualization and thus threatens and destabilizes the family. It strengthens community-oriented values and weakens family-oriented values. Conclusions: The transformation of the value system leads to a destabilization of family ties, which cease to be a priority. Working with values should be an opportunity for social pedagogy, social work, and all types of schools. Non-formal and informal education present particular opportunities for values education. In many cases, it is unnecessary to change the value system, but only to show the non-deviant way of fulfilling values.
XX
The values to which a person adheres shape one’s personality. The aim of our present project was to assess whether, and in what way, the crisis connected with high-risk pregnancy infl uences a woman’s system of values. The study group consisted of 61 patients in the Department and Ward of Obstetrics and Pregnancy Pathology of the Medical University of Lublin in their fi rst high-risk pregnancy. The control group was composed of 50 women in their fi rst normal pregnancy. The average age in each group was 27.4. The majority of women were married and educated. Method: sociometric survey and the Polish adaptation of Value Survey (VS) by M. Rokeach, 1973. Data was analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U Test. The study showed no differences between the preferred terminal and instrumental values in either group. The terminal values included: Family security, Mature love, Wisdom, Self-Respect etc.; the instrumental ones included: Love, Responsibility, Honesty.
EN
This paper highlights the issues arising from an obligation such as surety. Under the provisions of the Polish Civil Code, the legal position of a guarantor is closely related to non-legal factors. The ambiguity and uncertainty of the status of a guarantor are even greater due to the variability in time of the normative construction of a surety. Therefore, in addition to the measures available in law, a certain counterweight, such as the general public values, is necessary to address this state of affairs. The most widely understood trust, being the necessary condition for the proper development of a modern democratic state of law, may undoubtedly play that role.
EN
The architectural innovations are becoming more and more important in the economic and social development and in the quality improvement of people’s lives. Sometimes, however, the implementation of innovative projects can lead to negative consequences. The development of any innovation should be based on a comprehensive analysis of their implementation’s consequences. Therefore, developing a responsible of the future architects’ attitude to innovations is extremely important for achieving a qualitatively new level of training of future architects to ensure sustainable development. This article presents the results of a research that investigated the social values of future architects and their attitude towards innovation.
EN
This paper highlights the issues arising from an obligation such as surety. Under the provisions of the Polish Civil Code, the legal position of a guarantor is closely related to non-legal factors. The ambiguity and uncertainty of the status of a guarantor are even greater due to the variability in time of the normative construction of a surety. Therefore, in addition to the measures available in law, a certain counterweight, such as the general public values, is necessary to address this state of affairs. The most widely understood trust, being the necessary condition for the proper development of a modern democratic state of law, may undoubtedly play that role.
EN
Attitudes towards pathological behavior of consumers might be created by many factors. One of the most important factors are social values being conducive to create certain attitudes towards consumers’ pathological behavior. The paper attempts to defie the relationship between social values and consumers’ attitude towards pathology in market behavior. Using a model approach we proposed analytical tools that might help to determine theoretical construct which could allow one to forecast probability of pathology acceptance in consumers’ behavior based on the social values represented by the consumer. We used logistic regression model which allows one to defie social values discriminating consumers in terms of their attitudes towards pathological behavior.
PL
Postawy wobec zachowań patologicznych konsumentów mogą być kształtowane przez wiele czynników. Do jednych z najważniejszych można zaliczyć wartości społeczne, których występowanie sprzyja (bądź nie) kreowaniu określonych postaw wobec takich zachowań. W pracy podjęto próbę określenia relacji między wartościami społecznymi konsumentów a ich postawami wobec patologii w zachowaniach rynkowych. Wykorzystując podejście modelowe, zaproponowano narzędzie analityczne, które umożliwia określenie konstruktu pozwalającego prognozować prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia określonych postaw wobec patologii na podstawie wartości społecznych reprezentowanych przez konsumenta. Wykorzystano model regresji logistycznej, który umożliwia jednoznaczne określenie wartości społecznych dyskryminujących konsumentów w kontekście ich postaw wobec zachowań patologicznych.
PL
W pracy ukazano projekt zmian podstawowych składników (celów, treści i metod) procesu kształcenia akademickiego. Wyznacznikiem tychże zmian są wartości społeczne, które jako składowe idei zrównoważonego rozwoju, wyznaczają kierunek rozwoju cywilizacji. Wskazano na znaczenie wartości społecznych dla opracowania wzorca osobowego oraz ukierunkowania z korzystania z doświadczeń osobistych nabytych w toku autoedukacji uczących się.
EN
The paper presents the idea of sustainable development, which determines the direction of changes in the education process. They include developing of a model of values for constructing the aims of education and the selection of relevant content and methods of education. The basic assumption behind the changes to the learning process applies to respecting of the learners’ subjectivity, which manifests itself in reference to their personal experience. It is important to use the results of self-education in the academic educational process.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the values and preferences of Polish society in the early years of the country’s economic transition in terms of two models of economic order, F.A. Hayek’s spontaneous order theory versus W. Eucken’s theory of organized order. Many of the current problems of the Polish economy are the result of the government’s failure to make certain decisions at the start of the country’s transition to a free market system more than two decades ago, the author says. Another contributing factor is policies that resulted in compounding various economic as well as social and environmental problems. The responsibility for these problems can be attributed to a crisis of the institutional environment, in particular to an insufficient involvement of the government in creating a competitive framework for businesses. Moreover, opportunities for developing the economic framework from the bottom up, in line with the logic of the spontaneous order theory, were limited by rapid socioeconomic changes, according to Grabska. In addition to objective difficulties with developing either a spontaneous or ordoliberal model, there was also the problem of adjusting the socioeconomic order to the dominant values and expectations of Polish society, the author says. An attempt to propose a framework contrary to the social mind set and value system is bound to fail because the introduced rules will create chaos, Grabska adds. The analysis of the values and preferences of the Polish people in the early 1990s reveals that society was relatively more predisposed to the kind of economic order prescribed by W. Eucken, according to the author. Cultural factors, such as distrust of the authorities and high socioeconomic aspirations, combined with poor teamwork skills, low work ethic, a desire to strike it rich fast, and little market experience, explain why Poland was ill-suited to a bottom-up model of economic order. Consequently, the government should have been more active and done more to minimize the negative consequences of political and economic changes in the country, the author concludes.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza wybranych uwarunkowań ładu gospodarczego w Polsce odpowiadającego założeniom dwóch teorii kształtowania ładu – teorii ładu spontanicznego F.A. Hayeka oraz teorii ładu stanowionego W. Euckena. W ramach realizacji celu głównego analizie poddano wartości i preferencje polskiego społeczeństwa w początkowych latach transformacji pod kątem ich dopasowania do dwóch powyższych modeli kształtowania ładu gospodarczego. Realizacja tak sformułowanego celu wymagała analizy źródeł wtórnych, w tym literatury fachowej i raportów z międzynarodowych badań empirycznych. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że warunkiem sprawnego i efektywnego funkcjonowania ram wyznaczających ład gospodarczy zarówno w ujęciu Euckena, jak i Hayeka jest ich akceptacja przez społeczeństwo. Z kolei akceptacja reguł ładu i zaangażowanie w ich tworzenie zależy od poziomu dostosowania procesu tworzenia ładu i jego reguł do wartości i preferencji społeczeństwa. Z rozważań prezentujących wybrane wyniki badań mentalności, systemów preferencji i wartości polskiego społeczeństwa w początkowym okresie transformacji wynika, że było ono relatywnie bardziej predysponowane do akceptacji stanowionego modelu kształtowania ładu gospodarczego autorstwa W. Euckena. Uwarunkowania kulturowe, takie jak: duża nieufność wobec władzy formalnej, wysokie oczekiwania od życia, brak zdolności do współpracy, wysoki dystans władzy, niski etos pracy, pragnienie szybkiego wzbogacenia się, a jednocześnie niewielkie doświadczenie w funkcjonowaniu gospodarki rynkowej w tylko ograniczonym stopniu predysponowały polską gospodarkę do wyboru oddolnego modelu kształtowania ładu gospodarczego.
EN
Education is one of the most important social institutions that ensure the socialization of the younger generation: the interiorization of social values, norms, behavior patterns that characterize the basic culture of a society, the formation of life skills and competencies necessary for successful adaptation, personal and social development in current socio-economic, political and socio-cultural conditions. The results of sociological research carried out within the framework of the republican monitoring of the quality of education are analyzed.
EN
The author analyzes social values in older preschoolers with Down syndrome. The article summarizes the results of studies of indicators of social values, namely: behavior, self-esteem, cognitive sphere and social development. To clarify the data obtained, the author used both theoretical and practical research methods, including the mathematical and statistical method of Spearman’s rank correlation. The results of the study confirm the partial positive dynamics of the development of social values in children of older preschool children with Down syndrome.
PL
Autorka analizuje wartości społeczne u starszych przedszkolaków z zespołem Downa. W artykule podsumowano wyniki badań wskaźników wartości społecznych, a mianowicie: zachowania, samooceny, sfery poznawczej i rozwoju społecznego. W celu wyjaśnienia uzyskanych danych autorka wykorzystała zarówno teoretyczne, jak i praktyczne metody badawcze, w tym matematyczną i statystyczną metodę korelacji rang Spearmana. Wyniki badania potwierdzają częściowo pozytywną dynamikę rozwoju wartości społecznych u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym z zespołem Downa.
RU
Автор анализирует социальные ценности у старших дошкольников с синдромом Дауна. В статье обобщены результаты исследований показателей социальных и культурных ценностей, а именно: поведения, самооценки, когнитивной сферы и социального развития. Для уточнения полученных данных автор пользуется как теоретическими, так и практическими методами исследования, в том числе и математически-статистическим методом ранговой корреляции Спирмена. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о позитивной динамике развития старших дошкольников с синдромом Дауна, и в частности их социокультурных ценностей.
EN
The process of digitalisation of the economy and social sphere that has occurred in the last decades is beyond the wildest expectations put forward by the technological pioneers. Information technologies and new possibilities of electronic communication have totally changed business, economic and social relations, as well as labour market, industries and professions. Technologies as social innovations change the way of work, forms of education and development, adherence to social networks or consumption patterns. The article also tries to prove that social innovations are not only digital technologies, but also the search for new social ideas and values, including solutions in the scope of social economy, sharing economy, a new model of welfare state. Moreover, some new social issues are revealed, together with new forms of social risk related to the development of technology and digi-talisation, which will have to be solved in the future.
PL
Proces cyfryzacji gospodarki i sfery społecznej, jaki dokonał się w ostatnich dekadach, przerasta najśmielsze wyobrażenia, jakie towarzyszyły prekursorom technologicznym. Technologie informatyczne i nowe możliwości komunikacji elektronicznej całkowicie zmieniły relacje handlowe, gospodarcze i społeczne, a także rynek pracy, branże i profesje. Technologie jako innowacje społeczne zmieniają styl pracy, formy edukowania się i rozwoju, przynależności do sieci społecznych czy wzorce konsumpcyjne. W artykule spróbowano ukazać, że innowacje społeczne to nie tylko technologie cyfrowe, ale także poszukiwanie nowych idei i wartości społecznych, w tym rozwiązań z zakresu ekonomii społecznej, ekonomii współdzielenia, nowego modelu welfare state. Ponadto ujawniają się nowe kwestie społeczne i nowe formy ryzyka socjalnego związane z rozwojem technologii i cyfryzacji, które trzeba będzie w przyszłości rozwiązać.
EN
The question of entering adulthood is discussed mainly in the context of urban youth from middle classes in Europe and North America. There is a lack of information about adulthood in countries where rural societies prevail. This article aims at presenting knowledge about entering adulthood in traditional societies in Asia. A secondary research of survey data from the research conducted among youth between 14 and 29 years of age in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Georgia was undertaken in order to find an answer to the question regarding strategies for entering adulthood and factors having impact on this process. The “Big Five” model in which entering adulthood means finishing education, taking up a job, starting a family, having children and running an independent household was applied in the analysis of this phenomenon. The results of analyses indicate that the youth in subjective terms prefer traditional forms of adulthood based on a family. By analysing classic criteria of adulthood, it was determined that the majority of young people have failed to attain the status of adulthood yet. The conducted analyses have also shown differences in entering adulthood between rural and urban youth.
PL
Problematyka wchodzenia w dorosłość jest omawiana głównie na przykładzie miejskiej młodzieży wywodzącej się klas średnich w Europie i Ameryce Północnej. W państwach, w których dominują społeczności wiejskie, brakuje informacji na temat dorosłości. Prezentowany artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia wiedzy na temat wchodzenia w dorosłość w społeczeństwach tradycyjnych zamieszkujących Azję. Do odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące strategii wchodzenia w dorosłość i czynników ją kształtujących została wykorzystana analiza danych zastanych z badań sondażowych zrealizowanych wśród młodzieży w wieku 14–29 lat w Uzbekistanie, Kazachstanie, Kirgistaniei Gruzji. Do analizy tego fenomenu wykorzystano koncepcję „wielkiej piątki” (Big Five), w której to wejście w dorosłość jest równoznaczne z zakończeniem edukacji, podjęciem pracy, założeniem rodziny, posiadaniem dzieci, prowadzeniem samodzielnego gospodarstwa domowego. Wyniki analiz pokazały, że młodzież w sferze subiektywnej preferuje tradycyjne formy dorosłości opierające się na rodzinie. Analizując klasyczne kryteria dorosłości, stwierdzono, że większość młodych jeszcze nie osiągnęła statusu dorosłego. Prowadzone analizy pokazały też, że wejście w dorosłość jest różne dla młodzieży wiejskiej i miejskiej.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy w artykule jest rola państwa w funkcjonowaniu gospodarki i społeczeństwa w kraju postsocjalistycznym. Ramy analizy wyznacza triada: wartości – normy – dobra. Autor przedstawia m.in. podejście ekonomii do zagadnienia wartości, stwierdzając, że w teorii ekonomii kategoria ta ma bardzo wąskie znaczenie, natomiast odgrywa dużą rolę jako punkt wyjścia w kształtowaniu polityki ekonomicznej. Z kolei normy można traktować jako pojęcie odnoszące się do instytucjonalnych podstaw gospodarowania i życia społecznego. Osiągnięcia ekonomii instytucjonalnej mają bardzo duży wpływ na rozwój współczesnej gospodarki, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do transformacji systemów ekonomicznych oraz wyjaśniania mechanizmów rozwoju gospodarczego. Autor wskazuje na renesans etatyzmu we współczesnej polityce polskiego rządu i niebezpieczeństwa z tym związane. Pokazuje też znaczenie państwa wynikające z globalizacji i integracji europejskiej.
EN
The main subject of analysis in this paper is the role of the state (government) in the functioning of economy and society in a post-socialist country. The frame of analysis is made up of the triad: values – norms – goods. The author presents the way economics approaches the category of value, stressing that this category has a very limited meaning in the theory of economics, but plays a significant role as a starting point in formulation of economic policy. However, norms could be treated as a concept related to institutional foundations of economy and social life. Achievements of institutional economics have a very significant impact on the development of contemporary economics, especially in the area of systemic transformation and in explaining the mechanisms of economic development. The author also touches upon the renaissance of the idea of “expanding government” in Poland and in other countries, and discusses the dangers associated with this tendency. He also describes the role of the state in relation to globalization and European integration.
EN
The work is devoted to the analysis of the Florian Znaniecki’s idea of the relationships between two systems of values – the social one and the economic one. The presented analysis focuses on the Znaniecki’s theses in the reference to the current market approach to education.
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