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EN
The review of literarure, archives and the cartographic material allow us to draw an outline of the Skawa River valley over the centuries. The valley floor bottom shape was a significant factor responsible for the origin and the development of settlements. The location of Wadowice, between the Skawa and Choczenka Rivers, increased the defensive capabilities of the settlements and provided easy access to water. Since the 13th century, the residents of Wadowice and the surrounding area used the Skawa River for economic purposes. The municipal charter of Wadowice gave the inhabitants the right to use ichthyofauna. The ox-bow lakes enabled people to establish breeding ponds. The development of the milling industry, which pieaked in the 19th century, was due to millrace powered by the Skawa riverwater. Timber rafting was not only one of the forms of local serfdom, but also a profitable occupation. The timber was transported to Maków Podhalański then onto the Wisła and so on. There were also fields of wicker which residents used to make household appliances. The human activity by the Skawa river was dependant on its hydrological mode. This location had a lot of advantages, however there was also a risk of flooding. Since 15th century, river floodings have destroyed buildings and caused losses in crops resulting in boundary changes. Floodings have also caused human deaths. The flooding in the valley made communication difficult because of damaged bridges and roads. At the end of the 19th century, the government of Vienna decided to tame the Carpathian Rivers. The first river regulations were made in the 19th century, but they didn`t survive long. In order to reduce flood losses along the banks, river edges were systematically strengthened. In the beginning of the 20th century, river unblocking began. These actions put the end to the life of this natural multi-current and changed it into a channelized watercourse.
EN
At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries the Teutonic Order administrators of southern Prussia (procurator of Nidzica) tried to use the Omulew as the water path for floating Prussian timber to the Narew and then by the Vistula to Gdańsk. Those attempts met opposition from Masovian dukes (Konrad III, his widow Anna and his sons Janusz III and Stanisław) because the river attracted the game which they hunted. The sources related to this matter show consistent striving of the Masovian Piasts for protection of large forest areas in the north of their domains, the Szkwańska Forest or Zagajnica, against economic exploitation because hunting in that area gave them “special entertainment and considerable income”.
PL
Na przełomie XV i XVI w. krzyżaccy administratorzy z południowych Prus (prokurator nidzicki) usiłowali wykorzystać Omulew jako drogę spławu pruskiego drewna do Narwi i dalej Wisłą do Gdańska. Zamiary te spotkały się z oporem ze strony książąt mazowieckich (Konrada III, wdowy po nim, Anny, oraz synów Janusza III i Stanisława), ponieważ nad rzeką swoje siedliska miała zwierzyna, na którą polowali. Źródła związane z tą sprawą ukazują konsekwentne dążenia mazowieckich Piastów do ochrony wielkich kompleksów leśnych na północy ich władztwa, czyli Puszczy Szkwańskiej/Zagajnicy, przed gospodarczą eksploatacją, ponieważ polowania na tym obszarze zapewniały im „specjalną rozrywkę i niemałe dochody”.
Res Historica
|
2023
|
issue 55
247-280
EN
This article is devoted to the organisation of river floating in the estates of the Branicki family (coat-of-arms Gryf), managed from 1771 by Izabela Branicka née Poniatowska, widow of the castellan of Kraków and Great Hetman of the Crown Jan Klemens. The article is based on archival sources from the Roskie Archive fonds stored in the holdings of the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. Particularly important in the findings of the text is the correspondence from the circle of Izabela Branicka's clerks and officials involved in the administration of her landed estates. The issue of floating was discussed in several areas, including the characteristics of: waterways and ports used by the Branicka's flotilla, directions of river transport and its volume, management of the flotilla in terms of froth and renting ships and boats, the state of the flotilla in terms of construction, repairs and purchase of vessels forming it, crews of ships and boats – including the number of personnel, functions, maintenance costs, and finally the course of floating and factors affecting it.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest organizacji spławu rzecznego w dobrach Branickich h. Gryf, zarządzanych od 1771 r. przez Izabelę z Poniatowskich Branicką, wdowę po kasztelanie krakowskim i hetmanie wielkim koronnym Janie Klemensie. Podstawą źródłową artykułu są źródła archiwalne z zespołu archiwalnego Archiwum Roskie przechowywanego w zasobie Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych w Warszawie. Szczególnie istotną w ustaleniach zawartych w tekście jego częścią jest korespondencja z kręgu urzędników i oficjalistów Izabeli Branickiej zaangażowanych w administrację jej majętności ziemskich. Problematykę spławu omówiono w ramach kilku obszarów, wśród których znalazła się charakterystyka: szlaków wodnych i portów eksploatowanych przez flotyllę Branickiej, kierunków transportu rzecznego i jego wielkości, zarządzania flotyllą w zakresie frochtowania i wynajmu statków i łodzi, stanu flotylli w zakresie budowy, remontów i zakupu jednostek ją tworzących, załóg statków i łodzi – z uwzględnieniem stanu osobowego, funkcji, kosztów utrzymania, w końcu przebiegu spławu i czynników nań wpływających.
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