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EN
Anthropocentrism has long been formed based on philosophy that proclaims the domination of man in the world. However, in recent years an oppositional concept has emerged within the philosophy of the environment, called ecologism. In the "human-environment" relationship, it places more emphasis on the environment (on its protection against devastation) than on man. It bases on the presupposition that environmental quality determines human biological and social existence. Even the perfect person cannot survive in a poisoned natural environment or in a degenerate social environment. Ecologism has become a counterweight to anthropochauvinism, an extreme form of anthropocentrism that has been rooted in the consciousness of the masses for thousands of years and is currently supported by the neoliberal economy, the Catholic religion and the ideology of consumption. With great difficulty, it develops in the struggle against its opponents, who have identified this trend of philosophy with ideology. It is easier to oppose an ideology (considered bad for no reason) than a philosophy. The article includes a quite detailed description of anthropochauvinism and ecologism, as well as philosophical environmentalism, which partially belongs to ecologism. The author concludes that these two trends become more radical as civilization progresses, what greatly impairs the further development of our species. A compromise is therefore necessary. Finding it has become the imperative of the moment because we are probably the last generation, which can stop or slow the march to the fall of humanity.
RU
По мнению Яна Вавжиняка, отношение человека к другим личностям, не являющимся людьми (non-human persons) характеризуется этологической ложью. В отношениях к личностям, не являющимся людьми, человек проявляет видовой шовинизм (species chauvinism). На основании опроса, касающегося способов разговорного понимания «бесчеловечного», «скотского», «звероподобного» поведения, можно описать функционирование этих понятий среди среднестатистических пользователей польского языка. В статье представлены результаты этих исследований. В опросе участвовали 50 человек, студентов и студенток бакалавриата по специальности филология. Исследования были проведены с использованием теста на причинно-следственные связи (because-test) и свободных ассоциаций.
EN
In the opinion of Jan Wawrzyniak, the attitude of humans towards other non-human persons is characterised by ethological falsehood. In relations with other creatures humans show species-oriented chauvinism. On the basis of a survey study concerning the colloquial understanding of the symptoms of “inhuman”, “bestial” or “animalistic” behaviour we may describe the functioning of these notions among average users of the Polish language. The paper aims at presenting the results of the survey concerning the colloquial functioning of the notions: inhuman, bestial and animalistic. Fifty people, students of the first-degree university course in Philology took part in the research, with the use of the because-test and free association method.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the results of ethnographic research carried out by me in July and August 2019, devoted to the analysis of the relationship between humans and animals, which is shaped in the practices of racing pigeon breeders (such as training, feeding, crossing, supplementation or treatment). I analyzed the empirical material gathered in the environment of the members of the pigeon association and then compared it with the existing material from the magazines "Złoty gołąb" and "Dobry Lot". The analysis of the collected materials revealed the mechanisms of the breeder-pigeon relationship, showed its multifaceted nature and discovered an extremely interesting aspect related to corporeality, power and genre chauvinism. Moreover, it allowed to look at the multispecies system of connections and interactions that take place between entities directly and indirectly involved in the process of "creating" a bird, showing the relational nature of human and non-human entities.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników badań etnograficznych przeprowadzonych przeze mnie w lipcu i sierpniu 2019 roku, poświęconych analizie relacji między człowiekiem a zwierzętami, która kształtuje się w praktykach hodowców gołębi pocztowych (m.in. szkolenie, karmienie, krzyżowanie, suplementacja lub leczenie). Materiał empiryczny zebrany w środowisku członków Związku Gołębiarskiego przeanalizowałam, a następnie porównałam z istniejącym materiałem z czasopism „Złoty Gołąb” i „Dobry Lot”. Analiza zebranych materiałów ujawniła mechanizmy relacji hodowca-gołąb, ukazała jej wieloaspektowość i odkryła niezwykle ciekawy aspekt związany z cielesnością, władzą i szowinizmem gatunkowym. Co więcej, pozwoliła przyjrzeć się wielogatunkowemu systemowi powiązań i interakcjom zachodzącym między podmiotami bezpośrednio i pośrednio zaangażowanymi w proces „tworzenia” ptaka, ukazując relacyjny charakter bytów ludzkich i pozaludzkich.
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