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Vuk u folkloru Hrvata

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EN
The paper focuses on the significant role of wolf in the Croatian folklore that has been confirmed by a series of analyses over the thirty contemporary original field records. The socalled wolf processions were still performed in many places of the country just before the Homeland War in 1991. Often described in a word vukavarski, the processions were always initiated by an act of killing the wolf since the animal was traditionally assumed as a symbol of evil and subsequently as a cause of severe damage. In order to celebrate such an act, the wolf killer, accompanied by a small group of hunters, had to march through the village. The group was obliged to sing  or recite spells, derived from an apotropaic rite, in front of the country houses. As for the hosts, they were satisfied to receive the procession (such a satisfaction was usually expressed by different rewards) since all the neighborhood had got rid off another dangerous animal.
HR
The paper focuses on the significant role of wolf in the Croatian folklore that has been confirmed by a series of analyses over the thirty contemporary original field records. The socalled wolf processions were still performed in many places of the country just before the Homeland War in 1991. Often described in a word vukavarski, the processions were always initiated by an act of killing the wolf since the animal was traditionally assumed as a symbol of evil and subsequently as a cause of severe damage. In order to celebrate such an act, the wolf killer, accompanied by a small group of hunters, had to march through the village. The group was obliged to sing  or recite spells, derived from an apotropaic rite, in front of the country houses. As for the hosts, they were satisfied to receive the procession (such a satisfaction was usually expressed by different rewards) since all the neighborhood had got rid off another dangerous animal. 
EN
The author discusses the first Polish systematics of magic spells against illness, which was proposed by Józef Obrębski in a brochure Index for „Treating the Polish people” by Henryk Biegeleisen in 1931. Obrębski introduced a division of spells into 9 groups, separated on the basis  of their  content,  form and  function.  It  was  not  an  autonomous  development.  It  have been created for the needs of someone else’s work and on the margin of a broader classification of material in the field of folk medicine as a whole. However, the proposal of Obrębski  can  be  regarded  as  a  serious  outline covering  all  material  concerning  the  systematics  of spells against illness. In the following parts of the article the author sets the discussed work in  a  due  context,  locating  it  in  the  history  of Polish research  on  the  genre  of  spells.  She recalls the first nineteenth-century works and analyses a possible impact of the Obrębski’s systematics on the subsequent approaches to the subject.
PL
Człowiek współczesny, uformowany w kręgu pisma i druku, nie myśli o słowach w kategoriach zdarzeń. Słowa przypominają mu raczej rzeczy, które nie są działaniem, są czymś martwym. Inaczej jest w tradycyjnej kulturze ustnej, w której słowo ma zdolność dokonywania zmian w świecie, jest słowem działającym, słowem sprawczym. Taki status ma słowo w zamówieniu. W tekście magicznym jest ono nie tyle odpowiednikiem myśli, co sposobem działania, zdarzeniem.
EN
Contemporary humans, conditioned by the omnipresence of writing and print, do not conceive of words in terms of events. Rather, words are seen as inanimate objects. It is different, though, in the traditional speech-based culture, in which a word, as an acting agent, can effect changes in the world. Such is the status of a word in magic spells. In texts of magic, a word is not a correlative of an idea but a way of acting, an event.
The Biblical Annals
|
1986
|
vol. 33
|
issue 1
117-129
PL
Das Phänomen der Vertreibung böser Geister mit Hilfe von Beschwörungen und Amuletten war schon im alten Ägypten bekannt. Die exorzistischen Beschwörungen beinhalteten gewöhnlich folgende Elemente: Hinwendung zu den Göttern, Erschrecken der Dämonen, richtige Formel und Amulett. In Ägypten wurde eine sehr interessante Beschreibung des Exorzismus auf der Bentresh-Stele gefunden. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich dabei um die schriftliche Fixierung einer viel früher entstandenen und mündlich überlieferten Legende. Die Niederschrift besorgten die Priester des Gottes Chons im 4.-3. Jahrhundert vor Christi Geburt, um der nachlassenden kultischen Terehrung ihrer Gottheit neuen Auftrieb zu geben. Das alte Ägypten ais einer der weiteren Kreise des „Lebensmilieus” des Neuen Testaments liefert dank der Informationen über die antidäminischen Praktiken eine hilfreiche Ferspektive für die richtige Interpretation der neutestamentlichen Schilderungen.
PL
Konstrukcje przeczące, używane w tekstach o podwyższonej „mocy illokucyjnej” (zażegnywaniach, namawianiach, zaklęciach, przekleństwach, formułach apotropeicznych, rytualnych dialogach itp.) stają się środkiem „oddziaływania na stan rzeczy”. Poza podstawową funkcją gramatyczną i znaczeniem „nieprawda, że”, negacje w tego typu tekstach zyskują konotacje kulturowe o charakterze mitologicznym. Są to: (a) magiczne unicestwianie złych mocy: choroby, uroków, czarów; (b) oznaczanie „tamtego świata” (jego cechami są: nie-byt, nie-zjawianie się, nie-dzianie się, nie-miejsca, nie-czas); (c) ujawnianie dystansu mówiącego do autora i prawdziwego wykonawcy aktu; (d) sygnowanie obecności czarnej magii. W tekstach sakralnych negacja jest chwytem magicznym i odmianą „magii językowej”. W akcjonalnym kodzie kultury odpowiadają jej czynności rytualne, symbolizujące unicestwienie lub wygnanie siły nieczystej. Jeśli negacja staje się znakiem „tamtego świata”, paralelną wobec niej czynnością jest odwracanie przedmiotów.
EN
Negative constructions in texts of a significant illocutionary force (‘charm always’, spells, incantations, curses, apotropaic formuli, ritual dialogues, etc.) become a means of affecting real-world situations. Besides their basic grammatical function and the meaning ‘it is not the case that’, negative constructions in such contexts acquire stable cultural connotations of mythological nature: a) they annihilate the evil forces — a disease, a bad spell, witchcraft — in a magical way; b) they designate ‘the other world’, whose features include non-being, non-appearance, non-action, non-place, non-time; c) they reveal dissociation on the part of the speaker from the authorship of a given act, and disclose the role of the real doer of the act; d) they are manifestations of black magic. In sacral texts negation is a means of implementing magic and a variety of ‘linguistic magic’. In the actional cultural code it is paralleled by ritual actions, symbolizing the annihilation or expulsion of evil forces. When it refers to ‘the other world’, it is paralleled by turning objects upside down.
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