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1

Prawa (Dādušy z) Ešnunny

100%

Tyborowski W.

Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne

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2022

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vol. 74

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issue 2

7-35

EN

The Laws of Eshnunna, which can now be attributed with a large dose of certainty to Daduša, the king of this country, who reigned at the turn of the 19th and the 18th century BC, constitute the earliest collection of law written in Akkadian. They are not preserved on an original stele, like the Laws of Hammurabi, however, they are available in the form of copies on three clay tablets, which were unearthed in the 20th century AD, and they only contain a part of the original text. The preserved paragraphs mainly pertain to economic and family matters, and in this context they are similar, to a large extent, to the prescriptions of the Laws of Hammurabi. Therefore, it has been suggested sometimes that the two collections are related to each other as legal monuments. However, upon closer inspection of the language of the Laws of Eshnunna and of the Laws of Hammurabi, one can say that the former collection, written down barely a few decades earlier, did not influence the former to a significant extent or even at all. Similar cases and solutions in both collections may rather indicate that closely related customary law existed in both countries, Eshnunna and Babylonia.

PL

Prawa Ešnunny, których autorstwo można obecnie z dużym prawdopodobieństwem przypisać Dadušy, władcy tego państwa z przełomu XIX i XVIII w. p.n.e., są najstarszym zbiorem prawnym spisanym w języku akadyjskim. Nie zachowały się one na oryginalnej steli, jak Prawa Hammurabiego, lecz na odpisach na trzech glinianych tabliczkach odkrytych w XX w., które obejmują tylko część oryginalnego tekstu. Zachowane paragrafy dotyczą przede wszystkim spraw gospodarczych i rodzinnych, w czym co do materii w znacznej mierze pokrywają się z przepisami Praw Hammurabiego. Z tego względu w nauce niejednokrotnie podnoszono tezę o wzajemnym pokrewieństwie obu zbiorów jako monumentów prawnych. Jednak patrząc na język Praw Ešnunny i Praw Hammurabiego, można stwierdzić, że pierwszy zbiór, spisany kilkadziesiąt lat przed drugim, nie wywarł nań znaczącego, a może wręcz żadnego wpływu, a podobne sprawy i ich rozstrzygnięcia wskazują raczej na pokrewieństwo praw zwyczajowych w obu krajach, Ešnunnie i Babilonii.

2

At the Dawn of Legal History: Teaching Law in Ancient Mesopotamia

63%

Fijałkowska L.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica

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2022

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vol. 99

51-63

PL

Artykuł zarysowuje dzieje nauczania prawa w starożytnej Mezopotamii, przedstawiając zachowane źródła i problemy związane z ich interpretacją. Mimo że wiedza na ten temat wciąż pozostaje fragmentaryczna, możliwe jest odtworzenie, przynajmniej dla niektórych epok, zarówno programu nauczania jak i miejsca zajmowanego w nim przez edukację prawną. Jak się okazuje, typowy dla mezopotamskiej kultury konserwatyzm nie przeszkodził w kształceniu zaskakująco kompetentnych i kreatywnych profesjonalistów.

EN

The article presents an outline of legal teaching in ancient Mesopotamia, with emphasis on the available sources and the difficulties they present. Though our knowledge of this topic is still fragmentary, for several periods the scribal curriculum can be reconstructed, as well as the place of legal education therein. The innate conservatism of Mesopotamian culture notwithstanding, it turns out that the latter managed to produce surprisingly skilled and creative legal professionals.

3

Projekt archeologicznego odrodzenia Babilonu

51%

Olbryś M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1996

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issue 1

8-20

EN

Mesopotamia is a region which has traditionally attracted the attention of eminent archeologists (e.g. Robert Koldewey). The appreciation of the significance of this cultural heritage by the Iraqi authorities was expressed in 1958 in the establishment o f the State Organization o f Antiquities and Heritage which initiated its own research and offered foreign scholarships. Cultural heritage became an important factor for constructing cohesive national consciousness, expressed in the 1970s i.a. by embarking upon the realization of conservation programmes in large urban sites such as Assur and Babylon. The article discusses the history o f heretofore excavations and describes the achieved results significant for the world history of town-planning and wider comprehended culture. The promising realization, commenced in 1978, of an unprecedented and ambitious project to be carried out under Dr. Muayed Sa’id Damerji was halted owing to the war. The work itself had not been interrupted but information about its progress remains scarce. Regardless o f the state o f the advancement of the project and differences in its appraisal, further work should not be suspended. In the opinion of the author, centres o f archeology and archeological conservation throughout the world should offer their knowledge and experience to the Iraqi scholars who face numerous problems connected with the local climate, size of the area, historical substance material and, in particular, the struggle against salinity, nowhere solved upon such a scale, as well as the hydrogeology of the region. The Babylonian monuments have not been placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List although this is not to say that the site in question is not a fundamental fragment of this legacy. This fact makes one wonder whether the conservation problems in question should be solved by the local archeologists themselves.

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1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica

1 Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne

1 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Fijałkowska L.

1 Olbryś M.

1 Tyborowski W.

2 2022

1 1996

Prawa (Dādušy z) Ešnunny

At the Dawn of Legal History: Teaching Law in Ancient Mesopotamia

Projekt archeologicznego odrodzenia Babilonu