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EN
The author of this paper analyzes the policy of strategic partnership between Germany and Russia, especially in the field of the economy, which originated after the reunification of Germany in 1990. He stresses that it was the government of Angela Merkel after 2005 that began to emphasize the authoritarian rule of President Vladimir Putin and human rights breaches in Russia. Nevertheless, economic cooperation continued under the pressure from business circles. The author’s main hypothesis is that it was only Russia’s aggression towards Ukraine that undermined German-Russian collaboration, which is no longer given priority. Germany is the foremost advocate of the EU’s maintaining its sanctions against Russia. Angela Merkel’s third and fourth governments have tried to ‘Europeanize’ Germany’s policy towards the Russian Federation to a greater extent. Both Germany and the EU need Russia as a strategic partner to resolve problems in the Middle East and combat international terrorism. Russia is also a significant supplier of strategic resources to Germany and the EU. This paper employs the descriptive research method, the method of source analysis and decision-making analysis.
EN
In view of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Ukraine's independence, assessing the state-building processes, including the assertion of the state as a subject of international relations, attention is drawn to Ukraine's relations with Poland, the efforts of wich have substantially increased the advances of our state. The attention is focused on the development of strategic partnership relations between Ukraine and Poland as well as their progress over almost twenty years. The article was drawn on a novel theoretical and methodological basis using appropriate conceptual and categorical tools. The interdisciplinary nature of the study is well agreed with the integration processes in modern Ukrainian humanities. The author highlighted the conceptual basis of Ukrainian-Polish relations; the conditions of their genesis to the level of strategic partnership were determined. Asserting the fact that relationships of the parties are being conditioned by the presidential factor, given the changes in both states presidential power, particular stages in Ukrainian-Polish relations have been defined and characterized. An attempt was made to reveal the specificity of interstate relations during the presidency of L. Kuchma - A. Kwasniewski, Y. Yushchenko - l. Kaczynski, V. Yanukovych - B. Komorowski and to attribute each of them a balanced assessment, and to forecast the content and direction of cooperation between the two countries for the period of P. Poroshenko - A. Duda's presidency. The findings are inclusive of the comparative analysis of Ukrainian and Polish approaches to the development of relations of strategic partnership between the two countries.
EN
As expressed in the EU-China 2020 Strategic Agenda for Cooperation adopted in 2013, the European Union and the People’s Republic of China are committed to a comprehensive strategic partnership. The new nature of Chinese foreign policy under the leadership of Xi Jinping has caused new problems in European-Chinese relationships. The rise of China to a position of global superpower, symbolized by the Belt and Road Initiative, has changed the conditions for EU-China relations and created a necessity for Europe to revise its approach or even to profoundly change the way it perceives relations with Beijing.The goal of this article is to discuss EU policy towards China between 2013 and 2019 in the context of these new conditions and the changing perception of China in Europe. The rethinking process on the side of the EU was symbolized by describing China as a systemic rival in the strategic outlook presented by the European Commission in March 2019. The main research question is: how did public debate in Europe around the term systemic rival, and the change in perception of China it caused, correspond with the actual state of EU-China relationships on the level of political practice? The hypothesis, that the commotion caused by the use of the term systemic rival created a distorted impression of the current state of EU-China relations will be tested by analyzing specific cases of the operationalization of EU policy such as investment screening frameworks, European industrial policy and the major political EU-China visits and summits in 2019.
EN
The article is an attempt to present the relations between the Russian Federation and the European Union in the transition period between the international order that has just finished and the one that is developing. The author analyzes the relations between the parties on the political, military, national and international security related, economic and social planes and also presents optimal scenarios of the relations in the future. In order to do that she uses such research methods as comparative and critical analysis of available literature and resource materials. The analysis of the relations between the Russian Federation and the European Union lets the author draw a concussion that they are important for both political players, especially in relation with the perspective of winning or maintaining the position of a leading actor. Therefore, a conflict between Brussels and Moscow and too fierce rivalry would not be advantageous. Both international players, Russia and the European Union, realize that their co-operation – especially in connection with external threats – can be mostly beneficial. An issue that complicates the bilateral relations is the asymmetry of the parties. Russia is a state that has been a superpower for ages and – in spite of some economic problems – still holds this position. The European Union, on the other hand, is only an international organization, which - although it already is an international legal entity - is striving to join the “club of the chosen”. It is strong economically but not politically. Disproportions between the European Union and Russia also exist both in the military field and the social sphere (the systems of the parties’ values). However, the future of their relations depends mainly on the route they will choose in the nearest future. Thus it depends on whether and to what extend the political integration will prove to be successful for the European Union (what kind of integration the member states will approve of) as well as what development route and what system of values the Russian Federation will decide to choose. None of the options has been determined yet. However, it is certain that Russia’s starting position is better: it is a master of political games while the European Union seems to be continually too naïve.
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EN
The purpose of this article is to characterize the relations between Moldova and Russia in the second decade of the 21st century. The author describes influence of presidential elections in Moldova (2016) on Moldovan – Russian relations. The new president, Igor Dodon, wants to return to a strategic partnership with Russia. Presidential activity has improved the relations of Chisinau–Moscow in many areas. The paper also presents problematic issues: Transnistrian case and Moldovan-Ukrainian border. The current diplomatic crisis and the position of the Moldovan government towards Russia are also very important. The author analyzed and interpreted: documents of the Republic of Moldova, official statements by the authorities of Moldova and Russia, interwievs.
EN
This article aims to present the Polish-Ukrainian relations in the context of NATO in the Polish press in the years 1993-2005, with particular emphasis on newspapers: „Gazeta Wyborcza” and „Rzeczpospolita”. Newspapers mentioned above show an interesting issue at various levels. First of all, they focus on the position of Ukraine, Russia, Polish and USA, as well as refer to series of events which had direct influence on creation Ukraine politics as regards to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (internal situation, foreign policy, presidential election, Ukrainian society attitude to NATO, arms sales to Iraq). A drawback of these publications is largely restricted to giving short, concise information and deviation of analysis attempt. That’s why majority of articles - especially in „Gazeta Wyborcza” - exemplify relations of foreign correspondents, which are in European capitals and Washington. In turn, the positive site of showing Ukrainian way to NATO are interviews with politicians, not only representing their Polish or Ukrainian political scene, but also with Zbigniew Brzezinski, Vyacheslav Czornowił or Vaclav Havel’s article.
EN
Strategic partnership between states is a reciprocal exchange built on mutual commitment. The significance of the United States to Lithuania is unquestionable. However, why should the U.S. care about Lithuania? The emphasis on the U.S. interests and policies allows ignoring the question about Lithuania’s engagement and input into the partnership. Therefore, this article asks how does Lithuania contribute to the strategic partnership with the U.S.? To be precise, does Lithuania support and pledge its allegiance to the U.S. when this support goes beyond the limits of direct responsibilities of strategic partner, or even enters into a conflict with other important responsibilities or interests of the state?
EN
Polish-Ukrainian interstate relations covering the period beginning with the presidency of A. Duda and followed by the victory of the radical-right political party "Law and Justice" in the parliamentary elections have been analyzed. The main attention is focused on the key trends of their development and the factors affecting them. The consequences to the relations between the two countries of the emphasis that official Warsaw makes on issues of the common past, mainly Volyn tragedy, the interpretation of which on Ukrainian and Polish sides are far from identical, have been found out. The attention is drawn to the adoption of the law "On the legal status and honoring the memory of the fighters for Ukraine's independence in the twentieth century” by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (April 9, 2015), wich caused an active discussion on the part of the official Warsaw, as well as to the similarly met in Ukraine resolution of the Sejm "On establishing the 11 of July the Memorial Day of Poles, the victims of genocide committed by the UPA "(22 July 2016). The provocations on both sides of the border organized by the interested in worsening of the relations between Warsaw and Kyiv have been highlighted. However, іt has been proven that despite the tensions caused by the often high-profile steps of the Polish and Ukrainian authorities, the strategic partnership between the two countries remains relevant. And while the first official visit of President A. Duda t to Ukraine took place only in December of 2015, the fact is, that the presence of the Polish head of state at the ceremony in Kyiv on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of Ukraine's independence on August the 24th of 2016 only six months after the election is an eloquent testimony of the importance of cooperation with Ukraine for the official Warsaw. Precisely then the presidents of the neighboring states signed a Joint Declaration on Strategic Partnership.
PL
W opracowaniu dokonano opisu struktury potencjału zasobowego organizacji i zaproponowano koncepcję jego tworzenia. Zasugerowano, by procesy tworzenia i eksploatowania potencjału zasobowego organizacji oprzeć na mechanizmie tworzenia wielopłaszczyznowego partnerstwa. Dla celów tworzenia zdolności dynamicznych, będących jednym z ważniejszych elementów potencjału, wskazano partnerstwo sytuacyjne z różnego typu partnerami biznesowymi. Analizy teoretyczne zobrazowano wynikami badań praktycznych zachowań funkcjonujących na terenie Polski MSP. Artykuł ma charakter koncepcyjny.
EN
In the study, there was made a description of the structure of the resource potential of the organisation and proposed the concept of its creation. It was suggested that the processes of creating and exploiting the resource potential of the organisation have to be based on a mechanism of multi-faceted partnership creation. For the purpose of dynamic capabilities building, which are one of the most important elements of the resource potential, there was indicated situational partnership with various business partners. Theoretical analyses were illustrated by results of the practical behaviour of SMEs operating in Poland.
RU
В разработке описали структуру ресурсного потенциала организации и предложили концепцию его формирования. Автор подсказывает, чтобы процессы формирования и эксплуатации ресурсного потенциала организации ос- новывать на механизме формирования многопланового партнерства. Для формирования динамичных способностей, являющихся одним из более важных элеметнов потенциала, указали ситуационное партнерство с разновидными бизнес-партнерами. Теоретические анализы проиллюстрировали результатами изучения практического поведения МСП, действующих на территории Польши. Статья имеет концептуальный характер.
EN
Among the neighboring countries that are members of the EU (Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland), Ukraine's closest trade and economic relations are developing with Polish partners. The article analyzes the features of the transformation processes in the two countries after the collapse of the USSR (1991), the reorientation of their political and economic aspirations from Moscow (CIS) to Brussels (EU). The importance and necessity of studying the experience of Poland in the process of its accession and strengthening of its positions in the EU were emphasized. The author investigated the factors, whose influence quadrupled the economic potential (GDP, nominal) of Poland in comparison with Ukraine for the period of 1991-2020. The purpose of this paper is to study trends in the development of bilateral trade and economic relations, to develop recommendations for the further expansion and diversification of trade in goods and services between countries, as well as to substantiate the need to use effective mechanisms and tools for the European convergence of the national economies of Poland and Ukraine. These proposals correlate with the European and Euro-Atlantic course of Ukraine with the active support of Poland as one of its most important strategic partners.
PL
The article is devoted to a new institution of the international political relations – the strategic partnership. The author analysis the realities of the foreign policy conducted in the first decade of the 21st century and takes a side in the discussion between the neoliberals and the neorealists on the states’ natural tendency to rivalry or cooperation. Settling her concept in the framework of the realists theory of alliances, the author describes the condition of research on the issue and differentiates between the sensu stricte and sensu largo alliance, moving closer the wider understanding of the term. The core of the essay, though, is the presentation of a perfect model of the researched institution. Therefore, the author presents and justifies her own definition and sets constitutive features of the material strategic partnership.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14760
PL
W artykule postawiono hipotezę, że partnerstwo strategiczne Rosji i Ukrainy nigdy nie znajdowało się na wysokim poziomie (wbrew oficjalnie głoszonej wersji), będąc raczej – z powodu wysokiego poziomu asymetrii w ich relacjach – swego rodzaju „negatywną zależnością strategiczną”. I. Żowkwa twierdzi, że atrybutem partnerstwa strategicznego jest wspólnota interesów strategicznych, a relacje które nie stanowią odzwierciedlenia takiej wspólnoty są zbędne. G. Perepelytsia podkreśla, że naukowcy muszą rozróżnić dwie definicje partnerstwa strategicznego – jako poziom osiągniętej współpracy i jako instrument polityki zagranicznej państwa. Artykuł analizuje dwa aspekty partnerstwa strategicznego. Pierwsza część poświęcona jest wykorzystaniu koncepcji partnerstwa strategicznego w polityce zagranicznej Federacji Rosyjskiej (na przykładzie Ukrainy), a druga – poziomowi współpracy deklarowanej jako partnerstwo strategiczne. Po 1991 roku celem Moskwy była „przyjazna i neutralna Ukraina”. Relacje budowano przede wszystkim w dziedzinie gospodarczej, ale nawet wówczas Rosja intensywnie stosowała instrument polityczny w postaci zakazu importu niektórych towarów. Po 2004 r. relacje rosyjsko-ukraińskie zaostrzyły się w związku z rosyjską bazą wojskową zlokalizowaną na Krymie i stacjonowaniem rosyjskiej floty czarnomorskiej. Kreml był gotów raczej zniszczyć Ukrainę, niż pozwolić jej wybrać własną drogę, co zaprzeczało współczesnej koncepcji partnerstwa strategicznego, będącej fundamentem rosyjskiej polityki wobec Ukrainy. Zamiast tego Federacja Rosyjska zastosowała politykę „kija i marchewki” (niskie ceny gazu i inne preferencje ekonomiczne jako marchewkę, odpowiedzialność za „rodaków” jako kij). Traktat o przyjaźni, współpracy i partnerstwie pomiędzy Federacją Rosyjską i Ukrainą został wypowiedziany, tak samo jak i wszystkie porozumienia dotyczące Floty Czarnomorskiej, tym samym więc, Rosja nie chce posługiwać się formą „partnerstwa strategicznego” jako instrumentem swojej polityki wobec Ukrainy.
EN
The hypothesis of this research was that these states never had a rich level of strategic partner-ship (despite the officially proclaimed status), but always remained a sort of “negative strate- gic dependence” because of the high level of asymmetry in their relations. I. Zhovkva proved that the attribute of strategic partnership is community of strategic interests without its further reflections existing relations are superfluous. G. Perepelytsia marked that scientists must distinguish two definitions of strategic partnership – as a level of the attained cooperation and as an instrument of state foreign policy. In the given article strategic partnership is examined in two measures. The first part is sanctified to the use of the concept of strategic partnership in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation (on the example of Ukraine), and second to accordance of level of their cooperation proclaimed strategic partnership. After 1991, the goal of Moscow was ‘a friendly and neutral Ukraine.’ The relations were built primarily on an economic basis, but even then Russia widely used a ban on the import of some goods as a political instrument. After 2004, problems in Russian-Ukrainian relations related to the Russian military base in Crimea and the basing of the Russian Black Sea Fleet aggravated. Kremlin tried to destruct Ukraine rather than let it go its own way these witnessed against the contemporary concept of strategic partnership, which was the foundation of Russian politics towards Ukraine. Rather, the RF used very old policy of ‘stick and carrot’ (low gas prices and other economic preferences as the carrot, responsibility for ‘compatriots’ as the stick). The Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation, and Partnership between Ukraine and the Russian Federation was denounced as well as all Russian-Ukrainian agreements on the Black Sea Fleet, so, the RF itself refuses from using ‘strategic partnership’ as instrument of its policy towards Ukraine.
PL
Celem niniejszej publikacji jest zdefiniowanie relacji polsko-amerykańskich na podstawie koncepcji partnerstwa strategicznego oraz ogólne określenie poziomu konceptualizacji relacji polsko-amerykańskich. Główną metodą zastosowaną w artykule jest analiza zawartości oraz ramowania (framing analysis). Analizą zawartości objęto programy polskich partii politycznych oraz exposé premierów i ministrów spraw zagranicznych w odniesieniu do relacji polsko-amerykańskich. Analiza programów ma ukazać stopień konceptualizacji kwestii relacji polsko-amerykańskich na poziomie partii politycznych. Programy stanowią emanację ideowego i programowego profilu partii. Artykuł przeglądowy.
EN
The purpose of this publication is to define Polish-American relations based on the concept of strategic partnership and to generally define the level of Polish-American relations conceptualization. The main method used in this article is content and framing analysis. The content analysis covered the programs of Polish political parties and the exposé of prime ministers and foreign ministers in relation to Polish-American relations. The analysis of the programs is to show the level of conceptualization of Polish- American relations at the political party level. The programs are an emanation of the ideological and programmatic profile of the party. Research article.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie polityki geoekonomicznej Unii Europejskiej (UE) dotyczącej współpracy w regionie Indo-Pacyfiku. W ostatnim czasie Indo-Pacyfik zaczął przyciągać uwagę światowych potęg gospodarczych, w związku z czym UE uruchomiła w tym regionie politykę współpracy. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano kompleksową strategię UE dotyczącą rozszerzenia jej obecności na Oceanie Indyjskim i Morzu Południowochińskim. UE dąży do zawarcia partnerstw gospodarczych i w zakresie bezpieczeństwa między krajami Indo-Pacyfiku. Spośród państw członkowskich UE bardzo entuzjastycznie nastawiony do współpracy strategicznej w regionie Indo-Pacyfiku jest rząd francuski. Polityka Unii Europejskiej funkcjonuje w tych obszarach zarówno jako instrument soft power, jak i hard power. W badaniu podkreślono, że działanie UE pociąga za sobą budowę struktury sieci strategicznych w celu zintensyfikowania zdolności w zakresie projekcji siły. Unia wykorzystuje podejścia ugruntowane w soft i hard power, aby osiągnąć cele transatlantyckie. Dla osiągnięcia celów badania i poznania jego wyników korzystne okazuje się zastosowanie w studium przypadku metody porównawczej. Reasumując, UE musi ustanowić znacznie ściślejsze stosunki między krajami Pacyfiku, aby przeciwstawić się chińskiej agresji i ekspansji w dyplomacji morskiej.
EN
The aim of the paper is to study the European Union’s geoeconomics policy for cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. In recent times, the Indo-Pacific has been gaining attention of the global economic powers. On this issue, the EU has launched a cooperation policy in the IndoPacific. This study examines the EU’s comprehensive strategy for the expansion of its presence in the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. The EU wants economic and security partnerships among the Indo-Pacific countries. Among the EU member states, the French government is much enthusiastic about strategic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. The European Union’s policy has been operating in the regions as an instrument of soft and hard power. The research highlighted that the EU implies the construction of structural strategic networks to intensify the high capacities in the projection of power. The EU uses the key approaches of hard and soft power to achieve transatlantic goals. The comparative case study method is useful to know the objectives and results of the research. In conclusion, the EU needs to establish a much stronger relationship among the pacific countries to counter the Chinese aggression and expansion in maritime diplomacy.
PL
Od czasów zimnej wojny sojusz USA i Turcji był trwały i zgodny w większości kwestii międzynarodowych. Wtedy to, oba państwa aktywnie angażowały się w powstrzymywanie ZSRR. W nowej erze pozimnowojennej konieczna jest ewolucja stosunków między tymi państwami. Turcja i USA muszą się zaadaptować do nowej rzeczywistości międzynarodowej coraz bardziej turbulentnej i nieobliczalnej. Obecnie i w przyszłości relacje między tymi państwami będą bardziej złożone niż w czasie zimnej wojny. Dzisiaj na wartość strategiczną tego sojuszu w dużym stopniu wpłynęła rozbieżność interesów Turcji i USA podczas wojny w Iraku w 2003 roku. Mimo wzajemnej chęci współpracy ten fakt będzie stanowił mentalną przeszkodę w przyszłym dialogu obu państw.
EN
Since the Cold War, it was a durable friendship between Turkey and the United States of America. They reached full agreement in most of the international issues. During the Cold War, the most important common interest of Turkey and the US was containment of the USSR. In this context, NATO was the best fi eld of their cooperation. Nowadays in the post – cold war era we can see the evolution of the relationship between those partners. Turkey and the US have to adopt to a new international reality which is very turbulent and unpredictable. Cooperation between these countries will be much more complicated as during the Cold War.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza partnerstwa strategicznego Unia Europejska–Japonia w kontekście zmieniającego się porządku globalnego oraz zbadanie jego wymiarów ekonomicznego, normatywnego i dotyczącego bezpieczeństwa. Prowadzi to do szeregu refleksji umożliwiających teoretyzowanie stosunków międzynarodowych w odniesieniu do koncepcji partnerstwa strategicznego. Pytania badawcze koncentrują się wokół fundamentów specjalnych relacji między Unią Europejską i Japonią, i kwestii jak odpowiada ono wyzwaniom w trzech wskazanych powyżej obszarach. Hipotezy sformułowane zostały z perspektywy teorii partnerstwa strategicznego. Metodologicznie praca opiera się na analizach źródeł pierwotnych i wtórnych oraz metodach jakościowych realizowanych w formie semiustrukturyzowanych wywiadów. Kluczowe wnioski pokazują, że zmieniający się porządek globalny i otoczenie międzynarodowe zmusiły obu partnerów do tworzenia strategicznego partnerstwa, które przenosi się ze stosunków gospodarczych na obszary normatywne, polityczne i wreszcie do obszaru bezpieczeństwa.
EN
The aim of this article is to review the strategic partnership of the European Union-Japan in the context of the changing global order, exploring economic, normative and security dimensions. This leads to wider reflections allowing us to theorize international relations with regards to the concept of strategic partnerships. The research question concentrates on what the foundations of the strategic partnership between the European Union and Japan are, and how it answers the challenges in the three above indicated fields. The hypothesis is formulated from the perspective of strategic partnership theory. Methodologically, the work is based on the analysis of primary and secondary sources, as well as on qualitative methods implemented in the form of semi-structured interviews. The key findings reveal that the changing global order and international environment have pushed both partners to create a strategic partnership that has spilled over from economic relations to the normative, political and finally security fields.
EN
The strategic partnership established between the Federal Republic of Germany and the People’s Republic of China in 2004 has evolved significantly over the last 15 years. Along with this evolution, also the attitude of the government and political, academic and economic elites in Germany has been changing. The process of change was symbolized by describing China as a “systemic competitor” by the Federation of German Industries (BDI) in January 2019. Germany has noted the failure of the “change through rapprochement” model applied to China and the necessity to revise the approach towards the new Chinese foreign policy under the leadership of Xi Jinping and the increasing role of PRC on the global arena, which causes new problems in the relations between Germany, EU and China. In the article the evolution of German policy towards China since the beginning of 21st century has been analyzed, with the focus on dynamic changes between 2016 and 2019. The purpose of the article is answering several questions: how has German policy towards China been changing? How was this process influenced by the failure of “change through rapprochement” model applied to PRC? Which problems in the German-Chinese relations were crucial to Berlin’s policy and in which way did they shape it? Is China still a strategic partner, or already a systemic competitor for Germany?
PL
Zawarte w 2004 r. partnerstwo strategiczne Republiki Federalnej Niemiec z Chińską Republiką Ludową znacząco ewoluowało na przestrzeni 15 lat. Wraz z tą ewolucją instytucjonalnej współpracy bilateralnej zmienia się także nastawienie władz i elit politycznych, naukowych i gospodarczych w RFN wobec Chin. Zmianę tą symbolizowało uznanie ChRL za „systemowego konkurenta” przez Federalny Związek Niemieckiego Przemysłu (BDI) w styczniu 2019 r. Strona niemiecka skonstatowała fiasko modelu „zmiany przez zbliżenie” w odniesieniu do Chin i konieczność zrewidowania podejścia wobec nowej chińskiej polityki zagranicznej pod przywództwem Xi Jinpinga oraz rosnącej roli tego państwa na arenie globalnej i związanych z tą rolą problemów, jakie pojawiają się w relacji Niemiec i Unii Europejskiej z ChRL. W artykule został poddany analizie proces ewolucji polityki niemieckiej wobec Chin od początku XXI w. a zwłaszcza dynamicznych zmian w latach 2016– 2019. Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytania: jak zmieniała się niemiecka polityka wobec Chin? Jak na ten proces wpłynęło fiasko modelu „zmiany przez zbliżenie” w odniesieniu do ChRL? Jakie były decydujące problemy w relacji niemiecko-chińskiej i w jaki sposób ukształtowały one politykę Berlina? Czy Chiny to dla Niemiec nadal strategiczny partner, czy już systemowy konkurent?
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the activities of Heiko Maas in the first year of office of the German Foreign Minister. The politician presented himself as a supporter of multilateralism (with specific norms, agreements and institutions) and strategic partnership in international politics. He promoted the concept of building an „Alliance for Multilateralism”, characterizing this initiative as being open to states adhering to democratic principles and ready to cooperate in international politics.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza działalności Heiko Maasa w pierwszym roku sprawowania urzędu ministra spraw zagranicznych Niemiec. Polityk prezentował się jako zwolennik multilateralizmu (z określonymi normami, porozumieniami i instytucjami) oraz partnerstwa strategicznego w polityce międzynarodowej. Promował koncept budowania „sojuszu multilateralisów”, charakteryzując tę inicjatywę jako otwartą dla państw przestrzegających zasad demokratycznych i gotowych na współpracę w polityce międzynarodowej.
Facta Simonidis
|
2009
|
vol. 2
|
issue 1
11-33
EN
Since the Cold War, it was a durable friendship between Turkey and the United States of America. They reached full agreement in most of the international issues. During the Cold War, the most important common interest of Turkey and the US was containment of the USSR. In this context, NATO was the best fi eld of their cooperation. Nowadays in the post – Cold War era we can see the evolution of the relationship between those partners. Turkey and the US have to adopt to a new international reality which is very turbulent and unpredictable. Cooperation between these countries will be much more complicated as during the Cold War.
PL
Od czasów zimnej wojny sojusz USA i Turcji był trwały i zgodny w większości kwestii międzynarodowych. Wtedy to, oba państwa aktywnie angażowały się w powstrzymywanie ZSRR. W nowej erze pozimnowojennej konieczna jest ewolucja stosunków między tymi państwami. Turcja i USA muszą się zaadaptować do nowej rzeczywistości międzynarodowej coraz bardziej turbulentnej i nieobliczalnej. Obecnie i w przyszłości relacje między tymi państwami będą bardziej złożone niż w czasie zimnej wojny. Dzisiaj na wartość strategiczną tego sojuszu w dużym stopniu wpłynęła rozbieżność interesów Turcji i USA podczas wojny w Iraku w 2003 roku. Mimo wzajemnej chęci współpracy ten fakt będzie stanowił mentalną przeszkodę w przyszłym dialogu obu państw.
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