Search results

1

Russia's return to the superpower status

100%

Minkina M.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2019

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vol. 26

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issue 4

34-50

EN

Objectives The elite of Russian power and Russian society have never come to terms with the collapse of the Soviet Union. They also did not accept the world order with the primary role of the United States. The purpose of this article is to characterize the policy of the Russian Federation, which is aimed at rebuilding the superpower position of this state, and to identify the reasons that clearly define Russia’s determination in this respect. Methods Achieving the formulated goal will be possible by answering the question: Why does Russia strive to rebuild the status of the global superpower and what actions it undertakes in its policy? This question is the main research problem, which the authors of the article have taken up. In order to solve the indicated problem, theoretical methods will be used in the form of: source and literature criticiam, analysis, synthesis and inference. Results Nobody negates the fact that Russia is still one of the largest countries in the world. Nonetheless, it is much smaller and weaker than the USSR. By means of assertive, not to say aggressive, and anti-western politics it demands to be recognized as a superpower eligible to decide on the international order. However, in the contemporary world, the territory decides about the superpower status to a much smaller extent. Conclusions The foundations of the Russian superpower status are weak, and the popular anti-western narrative is not conducive to strengthening the Kremlin's position internationally.

2

Rosja na przełomie XX I XXI wieku – rekonstrukcja pozycji mocarstwowej

88%

Grodzki R.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2012

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issue 4(345)

115-140

EN

The article deals with problems related to Russian international policy at the turn of the 21st century aimed at reconstructing the country’s position as a global power. The defeat of the Soviet Union in the cold war confrontation with the United States seriously limited the superpower prerogatives of the Russian Federation as a successor of the Soviet Union in international relations. In the two decades that followed Russia managed to ward off the threat of disintegration of its statehood and to reconstruct it on grounds of a strong authoritarian central rule. A worldwide demand for energy resources helped it build foundations for an expansive resource economy which was concurrently a tool for implementing an imperialistic policy that proves successful especially in Russia’s traditional sphere of influence. With the onset of the 21st century Russia had to face competition from new actors in the multipolar international system that tends to polarize further. The traditional competition with the United States and Europe has expanded onto dynamically developing China and India. At the same time globalization imposes far-fetched cooperation within this configuration curbed by Russia’s inadequate coping with challenges of state modernization. Therefore the growth or decrease of the role of the Russian Federation as a power will largely follow from the efficiency of the reforms it introduces. So far they have shown small dynamism and in a longer perspective barriers to development can contribute to a deterioration of the social, economic and political situation with relevant negative consequences to the international environment.

3

How successful was Joseph Stalin in establishing Soviet Union as a superpower?

88%

Majkowski J.

Journal of Education Culture and Society

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2017

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vol. 8

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issue 1

23-31

EN

This essay will firstly address the extent of Stalin’s achievements in leading the course for domestic policy of the Soviet Union and its contribution towards maintaining the country’s supremacy in the world, for example the rapid post-war recovery of industry and agriculture, and secondly, the foreign policy including ambiguous relations with Communist governments of countries forming the Eastern Bloc, upkeeping frail alliances and growing antagonism towards western powers, especially the United States of America. The actions and influence of Stalin’s closest associates in the Communist Party and the effect of Soviet propaganda on the society are also reviewed. This investigation will cover the period from 1945 to 1953. Additionally, other factors such as the impact of post-war worldwide economic situation and attitude of the society of Soviet Union will be discussed.

4

China's strategic challenges on the road to becoming a global superpower

88%

Młody M. W.

Horyzonty Polityki

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2016

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vol. 7

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issue 21

205-225

EN

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The main goal of the article is to diagnose the current position of China in the international arena and to identify the strategic challenges that the government in Beijing will have to face within the currently implemented 13th Five -Year Plan. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND RESEARCH METHODS: Article has a descriptive and analytical nature. The purposes of this study required constructive criticism of literature and making an analysis of selected statistical data provided by international institutions. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The state of Chinese economy was presented, noting the gradual change of development model and implemented internal reforms. The next part includes the outline of the main international initiatives which are aimed at strengthening the political and economic position of the PRC. Then the strategic challenges for the PRC, which condition its further development were presented. The final part of this article includes a summary and conclusions. RESEARCH RESULTS: Firstly, the issue of economic relations built by China is strictly subordinated to the government policy, which is reflected in the 5-year plans, catalogues of preferred inward and outward foreign investment and the initiatives taken at international level. Secondly, the further pursuit of China to become a superpower will require profound changes, mostly related to the liberalization of investment policy, reforms of state-owned enterprises, further internationalization of RMB and demographic issues. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Despite the growing opinion among scientists, politicians and journalists, China is not yet holding the leading position in the political and economic world, although it should be noted the weakening role of the United States and EU in certain regions of the world.

5

Uwarunkowania mocarstwowości Chin

75%

Wowra P.

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

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2018

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vol. 3(18)

77-96

EN

Nowadays it is no surprise to anyone that PRC is put on an equal footing with the USA. Current geopolitical situation is changing in inordinately dynamic way. The situation from a few years ago seems to be very different from what we have now. In a new, multipolar world China plays an increasing role. It has become the second world’s economy after USA. There are many reasons that contributed to the current situation and it is not possible to address all of them in one thesis. Nonetheless, the important thing is to understand the reasons why China is becoming a geopolitical power. The aim of this work is to analyze the strong and ceaselessly increasing China’s position at the national level. Firstly, the changes that occurred in China over the past 70 years were analyzed. Analysis of the historical context helps to understand the dynamics of China’s growth as well as immense potential of this country. The next part of the work addresses the events that took place in 21st century with particular focus on 2008 crisis as well as its policy and economic implications that are noticeable in the present day. This part of the work also includes the assessment of China’s dynamic development. In this work there is also a description of China’s One Belt, One Road Initiative. Financial institutions associated with initiative as well as the opportunities for Europe connected with huge funds were described. The work is based on the latest literature on the topic, online articles and statistics retrieved from People’s Republic of China’s official statistics website available in Chinese. The work shows that China plays an essential role in the new balance of power. Due to dynamic changes in the global balance of power China can become a leading superpower in the nearest future.

RU

Ни для кого не новость, что в наше время Китайская Народная Республика находится на одной ступени развития с США. В нынешних условиях геополитическая ситуация меняется чрезвычайно динамично. Однако, буквально несколько лет назад ситуация кардинально отличалась от теперешней. В новом многополярном мире Китай играет все более важную роль – он становится второй крупнейшей мировой державой наряду с США. Причин нынешней ситуации много и все их невозможно учесть в одном исследовании. Важно, однако, понять причины и условия, благодаря которым Китай становится новой геополитической силой. Цель этой работы – многогранный анализ сильной и постоянно укрепляющейся позиции Китая на международной арене. В самом начале исследования были проанализированы изменения, которые произошли в Китае за последние 70 лет. Анализ исторического контекста помогает понять динамику развития Китая, а также неисчерпаемый потенциал этой страны. В дальнейшей части работы предметом рассмотрения являются события, происходящие уже в XXI веке, с особым акцентом на кризис 2008 года, а также его политических и экономических последствий вплоть до сегодняшнего дня. На этом этапе также проводится оценка динамичного экономического развития Китайской Народной Республики. Исследование также включает описание китайской инициативы Нового Шелкового пути. Далее представлено описание финансовых институтов, связанных с этим предприятием, а также большие возможности для Европы в связи с открывающимся для освоения новым объёмом финансовых средств. Исследование было создано на основе новейшей литературы по этой теме, онлайн статей и статистических данных, полученных с официального статистического веб-сайта Китайской Народной Республики, доступного на китайском языке. Исследование показывает, что Китай играет чрезвычайно важную роль в новой расстановке сил. Перед лицом динамичных изменений в мировом балансе сил, Китай может стать ведущей сверхдержавой уже в ближайшем будущем.

6

Pogranicze w ogniu (1992–1993) von Andrzej Konic, eine historische Fernsehserie als Kulturtext oder als Versuch, den „heiligen Krieg“ in der polnisch-deutschen Geschichte der Jahre 1917–1939 zu rekonstruieren

63%

Mańke Z.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka

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2023

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issue 44

149-167

EN

This article attempts to present the television series as a distinctive text which can persuasively and therefore effectively appeal to contemporary viewers, providing them with an insight into the events of a predefined period of Polish and German history, arousing certain emotions and thoughts or, in a general sense, even making them reflect on the history of both nations. With its attractive storyline based on, among other things, the dramaturgy of the presented events, this type of series can be perceived, to some extent, to be part of contemporary historical narration.

7

Ekonomiczny aspekt mocarstwowości Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej z uwzględnieniem jej procesu transformacji

51%

Pierzchała Z.

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

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2018

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vol. 3(18)

97-109

EN

The article: The economic aspect of the superpower status of the People’s Republic of China, including its transformation process focuses on the key events in Chinese economic modern history that led it to become superpower in its region and worldwide. The world order prevailing for several centuries was based on the domination of the European civilization. Nowadays, we have the opportunity to observe the birth of a new order based on the dominance of Asian civilization, in which China has a leadership position. That superpower has the greatest impact in the Asia-Pacific region. This is due to the unique features of Chinese civilization, as well as the success of the economic transformation that has been going on for almost 40 years, which can set an example for developing countries. The Chinese way to economic success is unique on a global scale. In addition to centrally planned and free market systems, there are also so-called hybrids that combine features from both systems. In the case of the People’s Republic of China, this system is defined as a socialist market economy. Under this system, state ownership still dominates, but state-owned enterprises have relative independence in operational planning. There are also companies with mixed capital and entirely based on foreign capital and the private sector is playing an increasing role. It is worth paying attention to how China created its own system, because the way it did is completely different than in the West.

RU

Статья Экономический аспект статуса сверхдержавы Китайской Народной Республики с учётом её процесса трансформации фокусируется на ключевых событиях в современной китайской экономической истории, которые привели к тому, что Китай стал сверхдержавой в своем регионе и во всем мире. Мировой порядок, господствующий на протяжении нескольких веков, основывался на господстве стран европейской цивилизации. Сейчас у нас есть возможность наблюдать за рождением нового порядка, основанном на доминировании азиатской цивилизации, в которой Китай занимает лидирующие позиции. Наибольшее влияние эта сверхдержава оказывает в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе. Это связано с уникальными особенностями китайской цивилизации, а также с успехом экономических преобразований, которые продолжаются почти 40 лет, что может служить примером для развивающихся стран. Китайский путь к успеху в экономике уникален в мировом масштабе. Помимо систем централизованного планирования и свободного рынка существуют также так называемые гибриды, которые сочетают функции обеих систем. В случае с Китайской Народной Республикой эта система получила название социалистической рыночной экономики. В пределах этой системы господствует государственная собственность, но государственные предприятия имеют относительную независимость в оперативном планировании. Существуют также компании со смешанным капиталом или полностью основанные на иностранном капитале, при чем частный сектор начинает играть все большую роль. Особое внимание стоит обратить на то, каким образом Китай создал свою собственную систему, т.к. это полностью отличается от того, каким образом это происходило на Западе.

8

Priorytety polityki zagranicznej Stanów Zjednoczonych jako hegemona w unicentrycznym międzynarodowym systemie politycznym

51%

Wordliczek R.

Prawo i Polityka

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2015

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issue 6

130-158

EN

The end of the Cold War which took place at the turn of the 1980s and the 1990s caused the political changes in the world and created a new political hierarchy. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and communist block United States became the lonely superpower. The article presents evolution and the new aims of the U.S. foreign policy. The main questions of the research are: what is the role of the superpower as the United States in the contemporary global political system? What is the right of the United States to be treated in the special way by other actors of the world’s international relations? In which cases the contemporary global hegemonic state has right to act in different regions of the world? Finally, what instruments (unilateralism, multilateralism) should the U.S. use to act in the international arena? For complete answers of these questions author analyzed the presidency of G. Bush, B. Clinton and G. W. Bush.

9

Stany Zjednoczone i metamorfozy władzy

51%

Buhler P.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

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2015

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issue 1(25)

63-70

EN

The United States and Metamorphoses of the Power The century that has passed since the European outbreak of the first world-wide conflict also witnessed the most radical changes in the nature of power, its manifestations and its effects. Power was aligned in accordance with the political and legal order developed by the United States, as manifested in the Charter of the United Nations. Power evolved also in terms of form together with the emergence of a new European model and as a result of the ‘digital revolution’, which enabled groups or even individuals to challenge the state in areas which had previously seemed restricted to the government. However, the fundamental forces that drive power still shape the world order.

10

Chaos, czyli nowa forma wojny światowej w erze globalizmu

45%

Drwęski B.

Studia Krytyczne/ Critical Studies

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2019

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issue 8

43-66

PL

Po upadku świata dwubiegunowego Stany Zjednoczone pozostały jedynym supermocarstwem na świecie, ale inwestycje militarne nie zmniejszyły się, a liczba wojen, w których były zaangażowane bezpośrednio lub pośrednio, zamiast zmniejszać się z roku na rok wzrastała. O ile w czasach zimnej wojny konflikty można było tłumaczyć walką ideologiczną i przeciwstawnym programem społecznym przeciwników, nie było już poniekąd powodu do wojen na obszarach, gdzie obowiązywały wszędzie reguły społeczeństwa rynkowego. Zmusza to badacza do ponownego odkrycia kategorii imperializmu, żeby tłumaczyć przyczyny obecnych wojen, akurat w chwili, kiedy stale zmniejszają się stopy zysku przedsiębiorstw kapitalistycznych i wzrastają możliwości kompleksu militarno-przemysłowego.

EN

After the collapse of the bipolar world, USA remained the only superpower in the world, but military investments did not diminish so the number of wars in which they were engaged directly or indirectly instead of decreasing each year. While during the Cold War period conflicts could be explained by the ideological struggle and opposed social programs, there was no more reason to justify wars in countries where the rules of market society were in force everywhere. What forces the researcher to re-discover the category of imperialism in order to explain the causes of the present wars, at the very moment when the profit rates of capitalist enterprises are constantly decreasing and the capabilities of the military-industrial complex are increasing.

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2 Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

1 Horyzonty Polityki

1 Journal of Education Culture and Society

1 Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

1 Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka

1 Prawo i Polityka

1 Przegląd Zachodni

1 Security and Defence Quarterly

1 Studia Krytyczne/ Critical Studies

1 Buhler P.

1 Drwęski B.

1 Grodzki R.

1 Majkowski J.

1 Mańke Z.

1 Minkina M.

1 Młody M. W.

1 Pierzchała Z.

1 Wordliczek R.

1 Wowra P.

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