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EN
The aim of the article is to examine the figure of a vagabond and an artist in the novel The Hidden Mountain (La Montagne secrète) by Gabrielle Roy which, according to Antoine Boisclair, is the first Quebec novel completely devoted to painting. It presents the wandering of the artist who does not perceive his vagabondage as movement from one place to another, but regards it as the essence of both his existence and his creation. First, the analysis explores the problem of wandering as narrative basis, examining the tension between the external reality and the inner experience of the painter. Then, the aim of the artist’s journey, symbolically delineated by the Hidden Mountain, is analyzed. The final part of the article is devoted to the concept of art presented in the novel, with particular emphasis on the humanistic dimension of artistic creation.
EN
The Aegean list has many different interpretations, for example the explanation of toponyms as a result of a military itinerary. This article discusses the possibility of a symbolic perception of this monument and tries to date the toponyms to the reign of Thutmosis III.
CS
Z období vlády Amenhotepa III. (1387–1348 př. n. l.)1 se dochovalo velké množství stavebních památek. Takzvaný egejský seznam, který byl nalezen v Amenhotepově zádušním chrámu na západním břehu Nilu v Thébách na lokalitě Kóm el-Hittán, jíž dodnes vévodí vstupní kolosální sochy panovníka – Memnonovy kolosy (obr. 2), stále podněcuje badatele k množství interpretací. Otázkou zůstává, nakolik může samotný seznam vypovídat o vztazích mezi Egyptem a egejskou oblastí.
EN
The institution of a referendum on matters of particular importance to the state is disappointing for scholars because it does not fulfil its prima facie purpose – to enable citizens to make binding political decisions on the most important issues. This could lead to considering the referendum as an empty political promise and a useless institution. However, this would be inaccurate and premature. A referendum may potentially fulfil politically significant additional functions, such as giving special legitimization to certain political decisions or stimulating public debate. The aim of the article is to analyse the referendum on matters of particular importance to the state as a symbolic legal institution. The study was based on the observations presented in the literature on the phenomenon of symbolic legislation, applied appropriately to a selected fragment of the legal system, namely a single institution. A referendum on matters of particular importance to the state can therefore be perceived as an institution whose additional functions generally overshadow its prima facie purpose. At the same time, publicly declaring this prima facie purpose seems to affect the potential degree to which additional functions are implemented. For example, the impact on the public debate achieved by taking action to hold a referendum may be stronger if the public can be convinced that it is really about transferring a decision to the people. In conclusion, it is noticed that the implementation of the additional functions of the referendum in the legal system would probably not be possible in any other way than by making the referendum a symbolic institution. This does not mean, however, that the doctrine should accept every instance of using a referendum in order to perform one of its additional functions, and the ‘shame test’ described in the article may help in making an appropriate evaluation.
PL
Instytucja referendum w sprawach o szczególnym znaczeniu dla państwa budzi rozczarowanie piśmiennictwa, ponieważ nie spełnia ona swojego celu prima facie. Tym celem zaś jest umożliwienie obywatelom podejmowania wiążących decyzji politycznych w najważniejszych kwestiach. Mogłoby to skłaniać do uznania referendum za pustą obietnicę ustrojową oraz instytucję nieużyteczną, co jednak byłoby nietrafne i przedwczesne. Referendum może bowiem potencjalnie wypełniać istotne politycznie funkcje dodatkowe, takie jak szczególne legitymizowanie pewnych decyzji politycznych czy stymulowanie debaty publicznej. Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie referendum w sprawach o szczególnym znaczeniu dla państwa jako symbolicznej instytucji prawnej. Przeprowadzone badanie oparto na spostrzeżeniach prezentowanych w literaturze wobec zjawiska prawodawstwa symbolicznego (symbolic legislation), zastosowanych odpowiednio do wybranego fragmentu systemu prawnego, jakim jest pojedyncza instytucja. Referendum w sprawach o szczególnym znaczeniu dla państwa można więc postrzegać jako instytucję, której funkcje dodatkowe zasadniczo dominują nad jej celem prima facie. Jednocześnie publiczne deklarowanie tego celu prima facie wydaje się wpływać na potencjalny stopień realizacji funkcji dodatkowych. Przykładowo, wpływ na debatę publiczną, jaki osiąga się dzięki podjęciu czynności zmierzających do przeprowadzenia referendum, może być silniejszy, o ile uda się przekonać opinię publiczną, że w rzeczywistości chodzi o przekazanie pewnej decyzji  obywatelom. W konkluzji zasygnalizowano, że realizacja dodatkowych funkcji referendum w systemie prawnym nie byłaby prawdopodobnie możliwa w inny sposób niż właśnie poprzez uczynienie referendum instytucją symboliczną. Nie oznacza to jednak, że doktryna powinna akceptować każdy przypadek wykorzystania referendum w celu realizacji którejś z jego funkcji dodatkowych, a w stosownej ewaluacji może dopomóc scharakteryzowany w artykule „test wstydliwości”.
EN
The article discusses the recent international interest in contemporary Romanian art and its growth in market share, with a focus on the United States. The theme is followed thorough in numerous museum exhibitions, increased collector following, art fair presence, gallery representation and auction activity initially in Europe and the United States. The phenomenon is discussed both in the context of the larger international movement conducive to the contemporary art price bubble, and in that of the local socio-economic changes. My chief interest lies in the factors leading up to the entry of post 1989 Romanian art in the global arena as a manifestation of market forces in the field. The analysis follows its grass roots local emergence through non-profit institutions, individual artists, small publications, low budget galleries, as well as the lack of contribution (with few notable exceptions) of state institutions, while pointing out the national context of increasing deregulation of social support systems resulting in lack of focus on cultural manifestations. The conclusion is that the recent ascent of contemporary Romanian art (and coincidentally, the award winning contemporary Romanian cinematography) is a fortuitous convergence of various factors, among which, increased international mobility and sharing. At the same time, it is also the result of the evolution of various individual artists that pursued a form of art rooted in Romanian artistic tradition but with a focus on the symbolic figurative. The result is a personal semiotics of raising the mundane to extraordinary levels that reconfigured the anxiety of entering a new system into an unmistakable and lasting visual language.
EN
We live in an information society where the usage, creation, distribution, manipulation, and integration of information is a significant activity. Computations allow us to process information from various sources in various forms and use the derived knowledge in improving efficiency and resilience in our interactions with each other and with our environment. The general theory of information tells us that information to knowledge is as energy is to matter. Energy has the potential to create or modify material structures and information has the potential to create or modify knowledge structures. In this paper, we analyze computations as a vital technological phenomenon of contemporary society which allows us to process and use information. This analysis allows building classifications of computations based on their characteristics and explication of new types of computations. As a result, we extend the existing typologies of computations by delineating novel forms of information representations. While the traditional approach deals only with two dimensions of computation-symbolic and sub-symbolic, here we describe additional dimensions, namely, super-symbolic computation, hybrid computation, fused computation, blended computation, and symbiotic computation.
EN
The ritual „Gramada” is a typical tradition of the  Bulgarian ethnic territories that appeared between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. It represents a symbolic way of „escorting” (a sort of symbolic funeral) of a dead man, who committed an act unacceptable for the community, upon the world of the dead. The „Gramada” ceremony is observed as piling up some stones on a sacral place so  they can form (create) a barrier between the  sinner  and  the  righteous.  During  the ritual,  symbolic  words  and  acts are  performed  as a verbal and nonverbal act of magic. It reveals thebelief of the traditional Bulgarian people in the magical power of words.
PL
The ritual „Gramada” is a typical tradition of the  Bulgarian ethnic territories that appeared between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. It represents a symbolic way of „escorting” (a sort of symbolic funeral) of a dead man, who committed an act unacceptable for the community, upon the world of the dead. The „Gramada” ceremony is observed as piling up some stones on a sacral place so  they can form (create) a barrier between the  sinner  and  the  righteous.  During  the ritual,  symbolic  words  and  acts are  performed  as a verbal and nonverbal act of magic. It reveals thebelief of the traditional Bulgarian people in the magical power of words. 
EN
Miodrag Bulatović is a representative of a grotesque avantgarde trend in post-war Serbian literature. In his short stories and novels, he referred to the notions of evil and moral decay. In a short story collection entitled Vuk i zvono, he depicted a war-stricken countryside of Montenegro, in which all elements of the world depicted are gradually devoured by fire. Only a few of the short stories from the above-mentioned collection have been translated into Polish. In the analytical part of the article, the most important motifs found in the translated texts are discussed.
SR
Y причама из збирке Вук и звоно доминира ватра, са којом су повезане људске судбине. Читалац има утисак да је човек само играчка у рукама судбине, а ватра преовладава у ње- говом животу. Булатовић приказује свет, који изгледа као пакао на земљи. Свеприсутност људских несрећа, рата и ватре ствара слику света пуног безнађa и туге. Зло се рaђa у људи- ма и утиче на њихов даљи живот. У циљу приказања трагизма и безнађа споменути писац користи много симбола, a њиховo значење je битно за разумевање текста.
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PL
Przedmiotem zainteresowania w niniejszym artykule są działania i przeżycia kobiet, które po wprowadzeniu stanu wojennego podjęły nielegalną działalność, najczęściej jako kontynuację swojej pracy w strukturach NSZZ Soli- darność. Działalność ta miała różny charakter – protestu czynnego lub biernego, a także wymiar praktyczny lub symboliczny. Autorka przedstawia działalność ko- biet poprzez analizę tzw. małych narracji, w których przedstawiają one swoje do- świadczenia radzenia sobie w złożonej, podwójnej sytuacji życiowej.
EN
The subject of interest in this article are activities and experiences of women who after the introduction of martial law have taken illegal activity, usually as a continuation of his work in the structures of the Solidarity Trade Union. This activity had a different character – a protest active or passive, as well as a practical dimension or symbolic. The author presents the activities of women by analyzing the so-called. small narrative, in which they present their experience of dealing with complex, double-life situation.
PL
Zakon Braci Mniejszych Kapucynów powstał po 1525 roku w wyniku reformy, której inicjatorem był o. Matteo da Bascio. Niemal od początku swego istnienia kapucyni wykształcili pewien zauważalny styl w sztuce, charakterystyczny dla wznoszonych przezeń klasztorów, w których konkretnym zasadom podlegała nie tylko sama architektura kościoła i klasztoru, ale i wyposażenie wnętrza, malarstwo, rzeźba czy rzemiosło artystyczne. Utrzymanie jednolitego stylu architektonicznego było możliwe nie tylko dzięki rygorystycznym przepisom, ale i żywej tradycji. Cechy budownictwa kapucyńskiego posiadając bardzo wyraźny rys semantyczny, podkreślają duchowość i tradycję Zakonu.
EN
The Order of Capuchin Friars Minor originated in 1525 as the result of the reform initiated by Fr. Matteo da Basico. Almost from the beginning of its existence the Capuchins developed a certain noticeable art style, characteristic for the monasteries they built, in which the church’s and the monastery’s architecture as well as the interior design, painting, sculpture or craft were subjected to strict rules. Maintaining a uniform architectural style was possible not only through rigorous rules but also through live tradition. Capuchin architecture by its very distinct semantic feature emphasises the spirituality and tradition of the Order.
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