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EN
Genesis 49 shows the scene that takes place at the deathbed of the patriarch Jacob. In the face of his upcoming death, Jacob calls on all of his sons that they may listen to and accept his words of valediction. The patriarch addresses each of them individually. This piece of text serves an example of the biblical poetry in which metaphors play an important role. In the Hebrew text there are words and phrases that raise many doubts and questions. Not only contemporary translators and biblical scholars contend with these difficulties, but ancient and medieval commentators did as well. The Aramaic Targums testify to the early Jewish exegesis and interpretation of Gen 49. This article presents the paraphrase and discusses a few selected verses of the Aramaic version of Torah (Tg. Onq., Tg. Neof., Frg. Tg(s)., Tg. Ps.-J.). Based on the above examples, the development of principal Jewish views on eschatology (49:1-2) and of Messianic expectations in context of Jacob’s blessing of the tribe of Judah (49:8-12) is portrayed. The last part of this article comprises the rendering and the meaning of the Targumic animal metaphors based on the examples of Issachar (49:14-15) and of Benjamin (49:27) that significantly differ from the Hebrew text.
EN
The present article shows the theme of God’s wrath against Israel and his enemies in the targums – the most ancient Aramaic translations and commentaries of the Hebrew Bible. The author places this topic in a wider context of God’s justice and God’s mercy stressing three aspects: 1. God’s wrath against the sinners; 2. God as the Judge acting withe the justice; 3. God’s wrath in the context of God’s mercy. In the article the author shows the specific of Aramaic translations regarding God’s wrath giving textual examples. He concludes that the targums functioning as the bridge between the Torah and the Gospel show that God’s mercy is stronger than God’s wrath. The interpretation of God’s wrath in the targums prepares the teaching of Jesus about the God’s justice in the context of God’s mercy.
PL
Żydowskie postrzeganie śmierci i zmartwychwstania zmieniało się w ciągu wieków, wywołując dyskusje na te tematy w różnych ugrupowaniach od czasów starożytności. Ważne zmiany miały miejsce w okresie Drugiej Świątyni. Ich świadectwo widać głównie w pismach apokaliptycznych tego okresu. Choć nie należały one do głównego nurtu religii żydowskiej, to jednak miały wpływ na kształtowanie się normatywnego judaizmu. Celem tego artykułu jest przegląd głównych elementów koncepcji śmierci i zmartwychwstania we wczesnych pismach rabinicznych i tekstach targumicznych. Na podstawie współczesnych badań, które zajmują się tymi problemami, zostaną określone zbieżności w postrzeganiu życia po śmierci w obu rodzajach tekstów źródłowych, a jednocześnie podkreślone zróżnicowanie i wielopostaciowość poglądów, które odgrywały ważną rolę w początkach judaizmu.
EN
The Jewish perception of death and resurrection not only underwent significant changes over the centuries, but it also built up tensions and generated oppositions within various Jewish communities. An important shift took place in the period of the Second Temple, mostly in the apocalyptic writings. Even though they did not belong to the mainstream of Judaism, they essentially contributed to the normative Judaism. The purpose of this article is to review principal elements of the conception of death and resurrection in the early rabbinic writings and to analyse their usage in the Targumic tradition. The study of the specific works and of the contemporary researches proves that there are some convergences between both kinds of the sources. However, at the same time it appears that the doctrine of the raising of the dead was diverse and multiform in the early Judaism.
Collectanea Theologica
|
2018
|
vol. 88
|
issue 4
163-190
EN
Genesis 49 shows the scene that takes place at the deathbed of the patriarchJacob. In the face of his upcoming death, Jacob calls all of his sonsthat they may listen to and accept his words of valediction. The patriarchaddresses each of them individually. This piece of text serves an exampleof the Biblical poetry in which metaphors play an important role. In theHebrew text there are words and phrases that raise many doubts and questions.Not only contemporary translators and biblical scholars contendwith these difficulties, but ancient and medieval commentators did as well.The Aramaic Targums testify to the early Jewish exegesis and interpretationof Gen 49. This article presents the paraphrase and discusses a fewselected verses of the Aramaic version of Torah (Tg. Onq., Tg. Neof., Frgm.Tg., Tg. Ps.-J.). Based on the above examples, the development of principalJewish views on eschatology (49:1-2) and of Messianic expectations incontext of Jacob’s blessing of the tribe of Judah (49:8-12) is portrayed. Thelast part of this article comprises the rendering and the meaning of theTargumic animal metaphors based on the examples of Issachar (49:14-15)and of Benjamin (49:27) that significantly differ from the Hebrew text.
PL
L’auteur analyse l’interprétation juive du Ps 22,2 (=Mc 15,34) et du Ps 45,7-8 (=Hbr 1,8-9). L’étude de la tradition targumique et de la littérature rabbinique lui permet de conclure qu’au moins aux II/III s.après J.-C. On interprétait le Psaume 22 à la lumière de l’Exode, mais cette tradition était probablement encore plus ancienne. S’il en est ainsi, le Psaume 22 qui était la prière de confiance en la puissance salvifique de Dieu, rapproche l’événement de l’Exode de l’oeuvre redemptrice du Christ. Quant au Psaume 45, il appartienne dans la littérature targumique aux textes messiamiques. Cette tradition a été connue déjà au Ier siècle après J.-C.
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