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Język Polski
|
2018
|
vol. 98
|
issue 1
87-99
PL
W artykule obserwacji poddano nazwy zwierząt wyekscerpowane ze Słownika staropolskiego oraz Słownika polszczyzny XVI wieku, które – na podstawie poświadczeń tekstowych i definicji leksykograficznych – uznano za derywaty tautologiczne, inaczej mówiąc, za jednostki leksykalne synonimiczne wobec swoich podstaw słowotwórczych. W artykule próbowano dowieść pragmatycznego podłoża powstania analizowanego zbioru wyrazów, wychodząc z założenia, że za akt ich nominacji odpowiada pragmatyczna funkcja słowotwórstwa, pojmowana za Iwoną Kaproń-Charzyńską jako „quasi-nieograniczoność ludzkiego działania”. W artykule uwzględniono charakter glosowy staropolskich słowotwórczych tautologizmów animalistycznych, ściślej – swobodę tłumaczenia dawnych tekstów, jak też stan dawnego systemu słowotwórczego, charakteryzującego się nieustabilizowaną w pełni postacią. Dowiedziono też, że większość jednostek badanego zbioru to formacje okazjonalne, zależne od inwencji autora i stylu tekstów, będące jednocześnie manifestacją kreatywności użytkowników języka, świadectwem reakcji na różne potrzeby komunikacyjne i artystyczne (konieczność zachowania metrum wiersza, potrzeba związania wersów rymem, dążenie do eliminowania polisemii podstawy).
EN
The names of animals, selected from Słownik staropolski (Dictionary of Old Polish) and Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku (Dictionary of the 16th Century Polish Language), were examined drawing on text authentication and lexicography and recognised as tautological derivatives which, in other words, are lexical units synonymous with their root words. The article aimed to demonstrate the pragmatic base for the development of the analysed set of words, assuming that the pragmatic function of word formation, defined by Iwona Kaproń-Charzyńska as “the quasi unboundedness of human activity”, is responsible for their naming. The article examines the glossal nature of Old Polish word-formative animalistic tautologies or to be more exact, the ease of translating old texts, along with the state of the old word-formative system, characterised by its incomplete structure. It has been also proven that most of the units of the studied set are occasional formations, dependent on the author’s invention and the style of the text which are, at the same time, a manifestation of certain expression and the creativity of language users, the evidence of reaction to various communication and artistic needs (the necessity of keeping the metre of a verse/poem, the need for rhyming verses and the attempt to eliminate the polysemy of a root).
EN
The present paper discusses diverse aspects of pleonasms in different types of German discourses. Pleonasm, similarly to tautology, is a strongly criticised phenomenon, not only by regular language users, but also by linguists, especially lexicographers. It does not change the fact, that it is widely used in different discourse types, especially in spoken and technical ones. It appears also on different levels of the language structure. It occurs that it is a mechanism of the language use and it should not be treated a priori as a mistake, because it is a specific language universal, present in different languages around the world.
PL
Prefiksy werbalne, obok dwóch podstawowych funkcji: semantycznej i gramatycznej, mogą pełnić także funkcję tautologiczną. Proces tworzenia czasownikowych derywatów synonimicznych był żywy w polszczyźnie historycznej i przetrwał do dziś na gruncie gwarowym. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie procesów powstawania derywatów tożsamych na przykładzie materiału werbalnego pochodzącego z gwar południowomazowieckich, wskazanie ewentualnych przyczyn zjawiska tautologii oraz próba ustalenia, gdzie kończy się tautologia a zaczyna semantyka prefiksu.
EN
Verbal prefixes, apart from two basic functions i.e. semantical and grammatical, may also serve tautological functions. The process of creating verbal synonymous derivatives was alive in historical Polish language and remained alive in dialects. The purpose of this dissertation is to present the processes of creating corresponding derivatives on the example of a verbal material of southern Mazovian dialects, point possible causes of tautology phenomenon, as well as an attempt to determine where tautology ends and where prefix semantics starts.
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"Mądre tautologie"

100%
PL
This article covers a particular form of Wisława Szymborska conceptism, her Thought fugues, which turns the world’s elements upside down and deconstructs them, uncovering their antinomies. The described reality takes the form of a concatenation, it is elliptic, based on seemingly symmetric tessellations, but in essence triggers some logic turns. It is possible to discern a similarity with advertising rhetoric and its constant variations of sense based on oppositions, such as double meaning, antiphrasis, paradox, or tautology. In all of which Szymborska is able to notice the condensing of meaning, or even some oxymoronic properties. It is perhaps this reason why her poetry is accessible to such a wide audience across the world. Though frequently condemned by 20th-century thinkers as a mere pleonasm, tautology becomes for the poetess a fluid material useful for her dialectics of imagination. Szymborska does not see language as a mirror of the world, but rather as an act of creating new worlds and new forms of life, like Wittgenstein did in his theory of language games. This is why she prefers such word games more than other poets. Due to their dual nature, tautologies constitute a potential and permanent element of Szymborska’s conceptual games.
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