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EN
This article presents Jesus’ polemics with the Pharisees concerning the rules of conduct with regards to publicans and sinners (cf. Matthew 9 : 9–13) and the dispute related to celebration of the Sabbath (cf. Mt 12 : 1–8). In both cases, Jesus resolves using the following principle: “I want mercy, not sacrifice” (LXX Ho 6 : 6). In light of this verse, Jesus tries to demonstrate to his opponents that the basic standard reference terms towards those rejected by society and those in need is mercy. The Pharisees’ isolating and pitiless tradition is of merely human origin and does not correspond with the plan of God. That tradition is opposed to mercy, which belongs to the essence of God (cf. Ex 34 : 6).
PL
Artykuł ukazuje polemikę Jezusa z faryzeuszami dotyczącą zasad postępowania wobec celników i grzeszników (por. Mt 9, 9–13) oraz spór związany ze świętowaniem szabatu (por. Mt 12, 1–8). W obu przypadkach Jezus rozwiązuje zaistniałe kwestie w kluczu: „miłosierdzia chcę, a nie ofiary” (LXX Oz 6, 6). W świetle tego wersetu usiłuje wykazać swoim oponentom, że podstawową normą odniesienia względem odrzuconych przez społeczeństwo i znajdujących się w potrzebie jest miłosierdzie. Izolacyjna i bezlitosna tradycja faryzejska ma jedynie podłoże ludzkie i nie koresponduje z zamysłem Bożym. Sprzeciwia się miłosierdziu, które należy do istoty Boga (por. Wj 34, 6).
EN
The article analyses the reasons for introducing the transport services (podwoda) tax in 1564. Next, it characterises its further organisational and legal reforms conducted in the second half of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth centuries. Then, it presents the principles of calculating the tax for payers, the methods of its levying and solutions concerning the collection of outstanding taxes. The research is based on the reforms of King Władysław IV carried out in 1646–1647, when the tax base was increased four times. The study also includes an assessment of the amount of revenue flowing to the court treasury from these duties.
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano przyczyny wprowadzenia w 1564 r. podatku podwodowego. Scharakteryzowano jego dalsze reformy organizacyjno-prawne zachodzące w drugiej połowie XVI i pierwszej połowie XVII stulecia. Zaakcentowano zasady naliczenia podatku płatnikom, sposób jego wybierania oraz rozwiązania dotyczące ściągania zaległości podatkowych. Punktem granicznym prowadzonych badań są reformy Władysława IV przeprowadzone w latach 1646–1647, kiedy zlikwidowano podwody i czterokrotnie podniesiono wymiar podstawy opodatkowania. Dokonano również oceny wielkości przychodów zasilających skarb nadworny z tej daniny.
EN
Monastic life, which development has been significantly contributed by St. Gregory the Great, has an important place in the history of Europe. This paper attempts to go back to the period of monasticism in the Late Antiquity, of which there are numerous testimonies in the epistles of St. Gregory the Great. Based on Registrum epistularum, the paper presents the practice of admitting to the monas­teries candidates from different social backgrounds. Simultaneously, it discusses the evolution of the imperial law, from the reign of Constantine to the end of the sixth century, by concerning restrictions on the admission to the monasteries ari­sing from the fact of belonging to the specific state (obnoxii): decurions, tax col­lectors, colonate, slaves assigned to the land. The paper highlights the concern of Pope Gregory I for those who join the monasteries as well as draw attention to the motives, which guided the emperors to make laws concerning the admission to the monasteries and the Gregory’s attitude towards the secular law. The paper also draws attention to the efforts of the pope aiming at promoting the monastic life as the highest form of Christian life.
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