Search results

1

POLSKI EXODUS – POLACY W INDIACH W LATACH 1942–1948

100%

Chwastyk-Kowalczyk J.

Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO

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2016

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issue 4

40-51

EN

The author discusses little-known facts of the Second World War concerning the stay of Poles in India between 1942–1948. Among those who survived and escaped from the „inhuman land” (Soviet Union) were Polish orphans saved with great e{ort from this country as well as the women and children of soldiers ghting the Germans who were exiled deep into the interior of Russia to the Eastern Borderlands by Stalin a¤er the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September 1939. Following an agreement between Sikorski and Maisky on 30 July 1941, thanks to General Sikorski’s endeavours, a group of 116,000 Poles left Soviet Russia. There were about 13,000 children below 14 years of age among the civilian population that came to Persia in stages. Youth between 14 and 18 years of age went to a military youth academy in Russia before leaving for Palestine. ose remaining le¤ for India, where Maharaja Jam Saheb Digvijay Sinhji o{ered his own plot of land for the construction of the Polish Balachadi Housing Estate. The Polish government in exile provided funds for its maintenance. The rst transportation of children out of Russia took place in April 1942. e established centres comprised of: Jamnagar (for 586 people), Country Club near Karachi (tent camp for evacuated Poles 1943–1945), a temporary camp in Malir (small housing units built by Americans near Karachi), Panchagani (health-resort; August 1943–1947), housing estate in Ballachadi (July 1942 Polish Children’s Camp), Valivade (1943–1948, the biggest housing estate with 5000 people). Discussion focused on publications addressing economic issues, fundamental legal matters during the period of the Polish housing estates’ existence, work, learning at various academic levels, cultural and educational activities, artistic values, the scope and capabilities of medical welfare at these centres, sports classes. We uncovered how the fate of the Polish wanderer was made more tolerable; apart from the Poles, Indian friends played a considerable role, as did the scout movement, the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Catholic Mission, various religious organizations. e sources used include: a joint publication that came out under the editorship of Leszek Bełdowski, Teresa Glazer, Wiesława Kleszko, Danuta Pniewska and Jan K. Siedlecki, entitled ge Poles in India 1942–1948 as depicted in documents and reminiscences, published by the Polish Circle in India 1942–1948, in London in the year 2000 (Antony Rowe Ltd., UK), and Weronika Hort, Wandering children, Beirut, 1948. A lm entitled „A Little Poland” by the Indian director Anu Radhy, in an Indian and Polish co-operative venture with the participation of the embassies of the two countries as well as that of Polish Television.

2

Mieszkańcy Siedlec w obliczu sowietyzacji miasta w 1944 roku

80%

Wołosz P.

Historia i Świat

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2014

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issue 3

211-230

EN

The last day of Nazi German occupation of Siedlce started a new chapter in the life of the local community. Being destroyed in 75 percent, the town was far from its former status of an important regional centre of administration and education. As a result of military actions many buildings and schools were burned or destroyed. The local power plant and waterworks were damaged. The scale of damages and nonfunctioning of , numerous, basic town facilities made the living situation of local citizens very complicated and hard to resolve. By describing the extent of damages, the tries to show the conditions in which the local community had to live and how difficult it was to recover after the military actions during the Second World War, including the battle of 1944. The violent political changes, which occurred after the Red Army’s appearance, formed the background to rebuilding of the town and social recovery. Despite the propaganda and brutal political struggle, the imposed local government was considered „foreign” by the majority of citizens. Having sketched the grim post-war situation of Siedlce’s residents, the author analyzes the causes of anxieties and later hostile attitude of the local society towards the new administration built on the principles set by Polish Committee of National Liberation, whose operations changed the social landscape for the worse.

3

Zarys działalności ZWZ-AK na terenie gminy Orzechowce

80%

Zapałowski A.

Rocznik Przemyski

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2014

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vol. 50

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issue 1: Historia Wojskowości

165-190

EN

The ZWZ/AK “Walentyna” unit operated in the larger part of the pre-war district of Orzechowce. It was a typical self-government district for the regions of Przemyśl and Dobromil, inhabited by Poles, Ukrainians (Ruthenians) and Jews. Owing to the fact that some Ukrainians had engaged in collaboration with the Germans, the Polish underground resistance movement in this area basically had two enemies, i.e. the Germans and Ukrainian nationalists, and later also the Soviets. This article discusses the conditions and the conspiracy activity of the ZWZ/AK organization in the district, as well as the actions carried out in the period under discussion. The text also attempts to show the reasons for a retaliatory and preventive action which took place in Małkowice, one of the villages of that unit after its dissolution in 1945.

4

In die tribulationis: The Ordaining of Priests for the Diocese of Lublin During the Second World War

80%

Marczewski J. R.

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2017

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vol. 64

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issue 4: Historia Kościoła - English Version

91-123

EN

A major problem of the diocese of Lublin during the Second World War was the replenishment of its clergy. In the initial period of the war, Lublin Seminary remained closed. Its bishops were arrested and deported from Lublin. In these circumstances, it was necessary to use some extraordinary efforts to continue the formation of seminarians and lead them to ordination. Right after the Germans entered Lublin in September 1939, the Lublin Auxiliary Bishop, Władysław Goral, still succeeded in ordaining a few seminarians in the seminary church. Then, in 1940, the auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Pinsk, Karol Niemira, arrived in Lublin and ordained a large group of seminarians. In 1941, one seminarian was ordained in Vilnius. Some regularity in ordination returned in the years 1941-1944, when the Germans allowed the Lublin Seminary to reopen. The seminarians had to travel in small groups to Nowy Sącz, though, where the bishop of the diocese of Lublin, Marian Leon Fulman, was interned. They were secretly ordained by him in the private chapel of the rectory. Shortly after he returned to Lublin, but before the war was ended in 1945, Bishop Fulman ordained another seminarian in his bishop's chapel. In total, during the Second World War, fifty-eight new priests were ordained for the diocese of Lublin.

5

To tu był początek… Paryż 1939 roku

70%

Czubińska G.

Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO

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2020

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vol. 8

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issue 1

15-91

EN

Initial discussions on the project of creating the Polish University Abroad were held as early as September 1939 in Switzerland. Decision was made to establish such an entity in Paris, with its headquarters at the Polish Library. Even before its inauguration, the University had been gathering information about Professors, Associate Professors and Assistant Professors from the Polish universities, who managed to escape from occupied Poland, as well as those ones remaining in Poland. A list of 150 names of Professors and Associate Professors and about 80 Assistant Professors was created. In that academic year about 80 Professors and Associate Professors and 60 Assistant Professors from the Polish universities were in France. Documents le¡ by them show today all goals and tasks, of which present Polish University Abroad in London is the successor. e historical continuity of the university exists on three levels: sta, ideas and structure. Summarising and emphasising the words quoted by the Rector: „e founders of the Parisian university, who participated in further formation of PUNO in 1947, led their research and teaching activities both in Paris and then in London”. The ideological goals and ethos of the Polish University Abroad in Paris were closely related to the educational mission, which is even now: to represent all Polish universities and to maintain the continuity of the Polish higher education in the world. A¡er the Second World War it allowed Polish soldiers, their families, refugees and emigrants to continue or commence higher education in Polish outside of Poland as well as to develop scientific research and publish the results worldwide. PUNO mission now is to serve all generations of Poles who, outside their mother country or the land of their forebears, wish to continue their academic studies, broaden their knowledge of the contemporary world and maintain contact with Polish science and culture. The University’s aim is also to promote Polish science and culture in the UK and even further – worldwide, thanks to participation in global research projects. The Polish University Abroad in Paris had the Humanities, the Legal and the Economic Department. The first department established at the Polish University Abroad in London was the Humanities Department, followed by the Legal and the Economic ones. The Humanities Department was a leading department in Paris and remained such at the Polish University Abroad in London.

6

KAZIMIERZ SOWIŃSKI – PISARZ, INICJATOR PISMA ZWIĄZKU PISARZY POLSKICH NA OBCZYŹNIE

70%

Wasiak-Taylor R.

Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO

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2016

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issue 4

183-194

EN

Kazimierz Sowiński started working on the idea of the magazine „Pamiętnik Literacki” in London in 1974 as a „reference book” to document the cultural and literary life of the Polish diaspora. There was a desperate need to register and collect in one publication, facts, literary events, awards, institutions, as well as to print essays about poetry and prose. „Pamiętnik Literacki” was preceded by the correspondence of its editor with Polish writers from all over the world. Kazimierz Sowiński was the right person to ensure the success of „Pamiętnik Literacki” because he gathered vast experience and knowledge throughout his life. Before Second World War he published his first poetry and novels, collaborating with well-known magazines in Warsaw and Lodz, he worked in Polish Radio, and made many public appearances. He had a very good record as a patriot during the war, and between 1952–1973 he was employed by Radio Free Europe in Munich, and was later elected as Chairman of Związek Pisarzy Polskich na Obczyźnie (e Union of Polish Writers Abroad). He never completed the magazine „Pamiętnik Literacki”, because he had a stroke which let him paralysed. Its rst edition was printed in 1976 as an annual magazine and now the review comes out twice a year. Kazimierz Sowiński – poet, playwright, editor and journalist, died in Mabledon Hospital in 1982.

7

Prawo jako narzędzie terroru, czyli historia pewnej zbrodni sądowej z czasów okupacji niemieckiej Konrad Graczyk Sprawa Ignacego Kaczmarka. Studium przypadku niemieckiego zabójstwa sądowego z 1944 r. oraz rozliczeń z okupacją niemiecką Wydawnictwo Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa 2022, s. 231

70%

Kil J.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2023

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issue 5(178)

201–208

EN

This review is devoted to the publication by Konrad Graczyk titled Sprawa Ignacego Kaczmarka. Studium przypadku niemieckiego zabójstwa sądowego z 1944 r. oraz rozliczeń z okupacją niemiecką [The Case of Ignacy Kaczmarek. A Case Study of the German Court Murder in 1944 and Settlements with the German Occupation]. The text outlines the issues addressed in the monograph, discusses the relevance of the subject matter, the structure of the work and the fundamental thesis assuming that the judgement mentioned in the title was a judicial crime, which the author has managed to justify convincingly on various levels. In the review, several comments are also made on specific issues, such as the conditions of the factual situation of the title case, the Radbruch formula or the offence of “bending the law” as known in German law.

8

Das Schaffen von Gerold Tietz – literarisches Engagement eines vertriebenen sudetendeutschen

70%

Kubica J.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica

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2020

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issue 15

31-43

EN

Gerold Tietz was born in 1941 in Horka (north Bohemia) in a family of Sudeten Germans. Germans lived in this village together with Czechs, Roma people and Jews. The family also involved Czech relatives and many of German relatives spoke good Czech and kept relations with Czech cultural groups. After the war Gerold Tietz and his family were expelled to Swabia. He studied history, French and political science. From 1969 the graduated historian lived in Esslingen where he taught in the grammar school for thirty years. In the autobiographically oriented novels Böhmische Fuge (1997), Böhmisches Richtfest (2007) and in Böhmische Grätschen (2009) Tietz tried to depict official social-political events connected with famous political and cultural figures as well as the stories of ordinary days of “small people” who had to face the consequences of historic changes which influenced their lives. The paper analyses the conditions of Czech and German coexistence and confronts the authentic historic context. Nevertheless, negative features of these ethnic groups are not overlooked and the positive ones are presented as a positive contribution to the current European multiculturalism.

9

Informativity and Retrospectivity of the Second World War Technical and Graphic Documents in Ukrainian Archives

61%

Kovalska L.

Intercultural Communication

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2018

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issue 4

177-193

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the research is to reveal the informational possibilities and retrospectivity of document arrays of technical and graphic sources of the Second World War in Ukrainian archives. Methods: analysis, synthesis, formalization, generalization, classification, systematization, retrospective. Results: The article outlines the History of Science methodological paradigms in Western European and non-Western traditions of investigating historical array of technical and graphic sources in Ukrainian archives. The informative potential of technical and graphic documents which are stored in the archival funds of Ukraine has been analysed in the article. Such formal features of this type documents as specificity of information coding, its completeness, peculiarities of use and storage on various material types of media have been considered. The general scientific, special approaches to the study of the content of the archival documents of technical and graphic nature from the point of view of source criticism methodology have been given. It has been highlighted that the conditions of storage and processing of historical sources of this type require a special approach and knowledge for archivists, source critics and historians. The information importance, significance and role in retrospective modeling and formation of the generalized historical picture of the Second World War have been defined.

10

SZTUKA W OTWARTEJ PRZESTRZENI PUBLICZNEJ I UPAMIĘTNIANIE OFIAR CYWILNYCH II WOJNY ŚWIATOWEJ – COVENTRY 1940–2015

61%

Taborska H.

Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO

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2016

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issue 4

25-38

EN

The article presents commemorative works of public art in Coventry, dedicated to the civilian victims of the Second World War killed in aerial bombings carried out by the German air force, the Luftwaffe. Coventry, an important industrial city in the West Midlands, was largely destroyed in a devastating Blitz carpet bombing carried out on the night of 14/15 November 1940, during which the medieval Cathedral of St Michael was burned to the ground. The first part of the text is focused on the formation within its ruins of an open sacral plane, and on the works of contemporary art which were placed there between the years 1946–2012. This is followed, in the second part, by a presentation of an unusual installation, composed from free-standing corten steel walls, commemorating people who through the centuries lived on one street, Bayley Lane, which was completely destroyed in the November Blitz. Consecutively, the urban design and selected works of public art brought into the city centre in the XXI century have been considered, and the two works: „Future Monument” and „Public Bench” of the German artist Jochen Gerz scrutinised in detail. Gerz’s works were made in collaboration with the general public, and exemplify in this paper one of the strands of public art, designed and produced by artists in close consultation with members of their prospective mass audience.

11

Jan Hulewicz (1907–1980) – profesor, społecznik, ludowiec

61%

Szymborski W.

Przegląd Historyczno-Oświatowy

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2023

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vol. LXVI

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issue 1-2

122-167

EN

Aim: The aim of the article was to show biography of Professor Jan Hulewicz, who was not only a distinguished scholar but an important member of the government in exile during the Second World War. Methods: An analysis of archival materials – manuscripts and unpublished materials kept in the Jagiellonian University Archive, the Institute of National Remembrance, resources of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cracow), and articles and publications. Results: On the basis of all archival materials, the biography of Jan Hulewicz was shown. Just before the outbreak of the Second World War, Jan Hulewicz obtained “habilitacja” at the Jagiellonian University, he was supposed to start lectures in October 1939. After his return to Poland, he continued to work at the Jagiellonian University. Jan Hulewicz was involved in various activities of the Polish government in exile during the Second World War, for instance noteworthy is managing the Fund for National Culture (Pol. Fundusz Kultury Narodowej) described in the article. After the Second World War Jan Hulewicz was several times interrogated by members of the Ministry of Public Security as during the war he worked with Professor Stanisław Kot who was treated as an enemy for the new government in Poland created by the communist party. Conclusions: Profesor Jan Hulewicz who was not only a distinguished scholar but also an important member of the government in exile during the Second World War.

12

Optymizm i wojenna zawierucha. O wybranych lirykach Krzysztofa Kamila Baczyńskiego

61%

Spyra P.

Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język

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2015

|

vol. 3

159-166

EN

The article attempts to provide a contextual interpretation of a few chosen poems written by Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński. The biographical and historical context left an extraordinary imprint on the poet’s work. In his lyrics, along with light-hearted, fairy tale like scenery there appear, in the course of time, increasingly clear and menacing signs of the horrifying reality of war and Nazi occupation. The poet searches for salvation and recovery of the original world of nature. Nevertheless, he ends up being defeated by the terrifying forces of history.

13

Listy Jana Karskiego do Anieli Mieczysławskiej

61%

Kruszewski E.

Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO

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2020

|

vol. 8

|

issue 1

251-294

EN

Jan Karski’s correspondence to Aniela Mieczysławska letters from a period of almost 50 years (December 29, 1944 – September 10, 1993) is a private correspondence between two significant people in the recent history of our country, especially the Polish state in exile. These private letters are not devoid of the political views of the authors and highly respected persons both in the Polish community in the United States and in Great Britain. Jan Karski (1914–2000) is known as a courier of the authorities of the Polish underground state to the Polish government in exile in London and a confidant of the Jewish leaders, who was the first to bring an eyewitness testimony to the extermination of Jews in German camps in Poland to the polish west ally. Aniela Mieczysławska (1910–1998), by birth Lillpop, primo voto Mieczysławska, secundo voto Raczyńska. A¡er break out of the war in 1939, she le¡ with her husband Witold (1907–1991), a diplomat, to Bucharest. In 1941, it reached via France and Portugal the Unites States and was in the service of the Polish government. A¡er the death of the second wife, Edward Bernard Raczyński (1891–1993) in 1962 she moved from USA to London (U.K.) and for almost 30 years she take care of Ambassador Raczyński, she became his third wife in 1991. The letters cover the period of the final phase of World War II and its easily predictable end, especially the consequences it brought for Poland. The correspondence ends with the death of Edward B. Raczyński, President of the Republic of Poland in exile, and Pola Nireńska – Jan Karskis wife.

14

Polskie badania statystyczne w okresie II wojny światowej

61%

Łazowska B.

Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician

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2017

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issue 4

PL

Artykuł przedstawia badania statystyczne prowadzone przez polskich statystyków w latach 1939—1945. Został on opracowany na podstawie kwerendy w Archiwum GUS i Archiwum m.st. Warszawy, niemieckich źródeł statystycznych oraz relacji, pamiętników, kronik, artykułów prasowych, opracowań biograficznych i monografii historycznych. Ukazano pracę polskich statystyków zatrudnionych w czasie II wojny światowej w Urzędzie Statystycznym Generalnego Gubernatorstwa w Krakowie, konspiracyjne badania statystyczne prowadzone głównie przez Instytut Gospodarstwa Społecznego pod szyldem Rady Głównej Opiekuńczej, w tym zwłaszcza pracę Ludwika Landaua i rolę Jana Piekałkiewicza. Omówiono także nielegalną edukację statystyczną i działalność Rządu RP na uchodźstwie w zakresie statystyki. Z badania wynika, że podczas okupacji hitlerowskiej prowadzono konspiracyjne polskie badania statystyczne, głównie w Warszawie i Krakowie, a ich wyniki przekazywano strukturom Państwa Podziemnego w kraju i Rządowi RP na uchodźstwie.

EN

The aim of this article is to present the research conducted by the Polish statisticians within 1939—1945. The paper was prepared on the basis of the query in the Central Statistical Archive of CSO and the State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw, as well as German statistical sources, reports, memoirs, chronicles, press articles, biographies and historical monographs. It presents the work of the Polish statisticians employed by the Statistical Office of General Government in Cracow and the underground statistical research conducted mainly by the Institute of Social Economy under the name of the Central Welfare Council in Warsaw, including especially the effort of Ludwik Landau and Jan Piekalkiewicz. Also, the illegal statistical education and activity of the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile relating to the statistics were discussed. The study shows that under the Nazi occupation Polish statisticians conducted underground statistical research mainly in Cracow and Warsaw and their results were delivered to the structures of the Polish Underground State and to the Polish Government in exile in London.

15

Dziecko jako świadek totalitaryzmu. „Dzieci Syjonu“ a „Dzieci Gułagu“

57%

Lichtblau K.

Kultury Wschodniosłowiańskie - Oblicza i Dialog

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2014

|

issue 4

115-122

EN

The article features a comparison of two very different collections of stories. What binds these narrations is the way they present the influence of totalitarian regimes on children’s lives. Children of Zion is a set of documents selected by Henryk Grynberg concerning the fate of Jewish children evacuated from the USSR to Palestine by general Władysław Anders. Children of the Gulag is a co-operative work by Cathy Frierson and Semyon S. Vilensky. They used source documents archived by the Memorial Association (Общество Мемориал) and Return (Возвращение), a historical-literary society which was established by Wileński himself. In the article the author aimed to present the main differences between the two totalitarian systems and how the systems caused dehumanization of childhood by means of exhausting labor, starvation, separation from parents and murder. What is more, the article contains a comparison of different attitudes towards the method of presenting historical facts and individual experiences. Hence, the scope of the work lies within discourse of representation / representation discourse.

PL

The article features a comparison of two very different collections of stories. What binds these narrations is the way they present the influence of totalitarian regimes on children’s lives. Children of Zion is a set of documents selected by Henryk Grynberg concerning the fate of Jewish children evacuated from the USSR to Palestine by general Władysław Anders. Children of the Gulag is a co-operative work by Cathy Frierson and Semyon S. Vilensky. They used source documents archived by the Memorial Association (Общество Мемориал) and Return (Возвращение), a historical-literary society which was established by Wileński himself. In the article the author aimed to present the main differences between the two totalitarian systems and how the systems caused dehumanization of childhood by means of exhausting labor, starvation, separation from parents and murder. What is more, the article contains a comparison of different attitudes towards the method of presenting historical facts and individual experiences. Hence, the scope of the work lies within discourse of representation / representation discourse.

16

The Christian-Jewish Dialogue in Polish Context

57%

Biel R.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2014

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vol. 4

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issue 2

PL

For centuries Poland was a country where Jews willingly settled. In the first years of XX century, Jews made up a large percentage of Poland’s inhabitants. But when the Second World War broke out the extermination of Jews threw a shadow upon the relations between Jews and Christians in Poland. Communism by no means favored a mutual reconciliation. In free Poland, it is however necessary to make the most of this common historical heritage as a foundation for a Christian – Jewish dialogue which opens up new perspectives.

17

The Second World War and the Political-System Status of European Monarchs

51%

Rakowski M.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2020

|

vol. 29

|

issue 4

EN

The Second World War brought significant political changes to European monarchies. Immediately after the war, six kingdoms ceased to exist and became republics. This concerned Eastern European countries in the Soviet sphere of influence, as well as Italy, where Victor Emmanuel III had to pay for years of cooperation with the fascist regime. Before the outbreak of the war, at least three European monarchies had considerable power, holding the most important prerogatives in their hands: this was the case in Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. Such a political model failed to survive the war, as after 1945 the kings and princes of the Old Continent only “reigned, but did not rule” (only Louis II, Prince of Monaco kept a stronger position until the end of the 1950s). It used to happen during the war that in countries with an established parliamentary system the monarch played a greater role than during the years of peace (the most prominent example being Wilhelmina, the Queen of the Netherlands). The article also presents other issues important to the royal authority – the functioning of monarchs in exile, the threat to their lives, the exercise of sovereignty (usually only in a ceremonial capacity) over the armed forces, and abdications forced by the circumstances.

PL

Druga wojna światowa przyniosła europejskim monarchiom poważne zmiany ustrojowe. Bezpośrednio po wojnie sześć królestw przestało istnieć, stały się republikami. Dotyczyło to państw Europy Wschodniej, które znalazły się w radzieckiej strefie wpływów, a także Włoch, gdzie Wiktorowi Emanuelowi III przyszło zapłacić za lata współpracy z faszystami. Przed wybuchem wojny przynajmniej w trzech europejskich monarchiach władca posiadał istotną władzę, skupiając w swych rękach najważniejsze uprawnienia – tak było w Rumunii, Bułgarii i Albanii. Taki model ustrojowy nie przetrwał wojny, po 1945 r. królowie i książęta Starego Kontynentu jedynie „panowali, ale nie rządzili” (silniejszą pozycję do końca lat 50. zachował tylko panujący w Monako Ludwik II). W okresie wojny zdarzało się, że w państwach o ugruntowanym już systemie parlamentarnym władca odgrywał rolę większą niż w latach pokoju (najlepszym przykładem może być holenderska Wilhelmina). W artykule przedstawiono też inne zagadnienia ważne dla władzy królewskiej: funkcjonowanie monarchów na uchodźstwie, zagrożenie ich życia, wykonywanie – zazwyczaj jedynie reprezentacyjne – zwierzchnictwa nad siłami zbrojnymi, a także wymuszone okolicznościami abdykacje.

18

PARAFIA ŻURAWICA W LATACH II WOJNY ŚWIATOWEJ

51%

Kapłon M.

Rocznik Przemyski

|

2017

|

vol. 53

|

issue 1(20): Historia

155-180

EN

The period of the Second World War affected all the aspects of social life in Poland, including the Church community, which, like the whole nation, suffered enormous losses in people as well as in the material and spiritual dimensions. This paper shows those issues on a microscale taking the Żurawica parish as an example. It discusses issues connected with demographic changes, material losses and most of all, it presents the problems in pastoral work faced by the priests working in that parish.

19

THE WORLD ON THE EVE OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR: HISTORIOGRAPHICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR

51%

Vidnyanskyj S.

Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки

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2019

|

issue 28

8-26

EN

The article considers various historiographical approaches to the treatment of the beginning of the Second World War. The author notes that the collapse of the great empires, defeating the imperial consciousness and the emergence of new countries from their remains and a completely new global balance of powers as the immediate consequences of the First World War reconfigured the geopolitical and strategic map of the entire European continent and have created hopes for a new global order of the post-war Europe based on equal national rights and peaceful coexistence among peoples, democratization and humanization of the European society. Unfortunately, many hopes and expectations of millions of people have been left unfulfilled pursuant to imperfections in the Versailles system of the post-war arrangement of Europe. 1918-1919 seemed the start of a new democracy in Europe, but soon the situation has changed to the opposite. In Europe totalitarian regimes were established. Two decades later, during lifetime of participants of the First World War, those very states led the whole world into the Second World War, the most terrible and bloody conflict. The paper indicated that the genesis of the Second World War received significant attention in an enormous corpus of scientific literature, whose scope is growing rapidly. The Soviet and Russian historiography focuses on the Munich Agreement (1938) as a pivotal event which “opened the way to the Second World War – the greatest tragedy of the twentieth century” and “provided justification for the USSR's rapprochement with Germany” as a forced step from J. Stalin. However, the Western historiography asserts that Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union of 1939 became turning moment which has plunged the world into war and led to the so-called Fourth Partition of Poland, the seizure by Germany of large parts of Europe (Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Yugoslavia, Greece), the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940 (the Winter War), Soviet occupation of the Baltic states, Bessarabiya and Northern Bukovyna as a logical consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The author does not exclude the possibility that the starting date of the Second World War may be revised in the near future. Brutal military campaigns of Japan in Asia (the 1930s) and Italy in Africa (1935-1936), the Japanese-German Anti-Commintern Pact of 1936, to which Italy had acceded in 1937, the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War, the battle of Lake Khasan (1938), the battles of Khalkhyn Gol (1939), the Anschluss Österreichs (1938), the Munich Agreement concluded on 30 September 1938 which has led to accelerating the occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union of 1939) were a prelude to the Second World War. These tragic and great events not just have paved the way for a new stage of historical development, but also have provided a long-term programme for human history.

20

Początki parafii Matki Bożej Królowej Korony Polskiej na Kijowskim Przedmieściu w Brześciu nad Bugiem

51%

Żurek W. W.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

|

2014

|

vol. 101

329-363

EN

Grassroots initiatives of the faithful of the city of Brześć, supported by the clergy, have been approved by the Ordinary of the Diocese of Pińsk - Bishop Zygmunt Łoziński, who on 16 October 1938 erected the parish in the Kiev Suburb in Brześć. For a growing number of the inhabitants of Brześć in the interwar period of the Second Polish Republic, the above- mentioned parish was established to meet the religious needs of the local Catholics. In August 1937, Rev. Wacław Piątkowski was mandated, by the Bishop of Pińsk, to create a parish with an indication of the Kiev Suburb, where he soon began celebrating daily liturgy in a temporary chapel. Organized in November 1937, the Church Social Construction Committee undertook the care of raising funds for the implementation of a costly venture. A temporary chapel was consecrated on 14 August 1938 by Rev. Wacław Piątkowski, a parish priest. On 30 July 1939 the Bishop of Pińsk consecrated the foundation stone of the church, and next day the construction of the foundations began. Until the outbreak of World War II, a concrete footing under the foundation of the church was made along with the necessary excavations. War and occupation: the Soviet and German prevented the implementation of the initiated project. During those years, priests performed pastoral service, not only in their own parishes but often helped other parishes which were deprived of priests because of the arrests of clergy and their deportation to concentration camps, as well as due to the moving of many priests to the west of the created in 1945 Polish-Soviet frontier on the Bug. Thanks to the clergymen who, despite everything, stayed after the war in the Diocese of Pińsk within the borders of Byelorussian SSR, the continuity of the hierarchical authority of the Church was preserved. That authority was exercised by the vicars general until the church administration had been organized within the borders of the Republic of Belarus.

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