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Umění (Art)
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2012
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vol. 60
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issue 1
2-25
XX
It is well established in the literature what function the architecture of the royal residence in Prague played structurally and stylistically in the city's urban layout and what its significance was in the concept of rule applied by Charles IV, but the relation between these two aspects has never been studied. Nor has the use of the residence's individual spatial units. Based on stratigraphic measurements, and an analysis of the coronation order (Ordo ad coronandum) the main floor of the residence can be reconstructed as follows: the piano nobile was divided into two parts, each with a different function, one representative (sala Regia) and the other private, and the latter included the privatissima, the bedroom (thalamus), an antechamber (;anticamera), and other rooms, including the studiolo. Alongside this spatial composition - appartement - were the liturgical spaces, the Chapel of the Virgin Mary at the south end of the hall and the Chapel of All Saints on the east side. The site's spatial arrangement mirrors the layout of the Papal residence of Benedict XII in Avignon, with two wings adjoining the main hall and with the addition of the liturgical spaces and the studiolo. The concept for the Luxembourg residence in Prague, came from Bishop Jan of Dražice, who was very familiar with the Papal setting and is documented as having introduced the Avignon norms of art into Bohemia. The Prague residence - although as a castle building it de facto represented an outdated type of structure - served as a metaphor for the emergent identity of the territorial ruler as sovereign and the contemporary political situation, in an environment that was shaped by the historical consciousness of the Bohemian nobility and above all by the de facto assertion of their traditional rights. Rule by a Luxembourg dynasty, previously alien to Bohemia and only unwillingly accepted by the provincial elites, was buttressed by ceremony and articulated through an exactly calculated purposeful architecture. The revitalisation of the royal palace provides evidence of the prospective side of Luxembourg rule and can therefore be understood as a unique source through which to examine the dynamically changing dynastic self-representation based on territorial and dynastic tradition.
2
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Vlastní jména osob a míst v Raisových povídkách

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EN
Karel V. Rais is an exemplary representative of realism not only in poetics but also in selection and use of proper names. The action in his short stories takes place in an authentic landscape, the setting itself having either the authentic or a realistic name. The characters, as well as the individuals mentioned in the characters’ speech, bear common names and realistic, often even regionally typical surnames. In the characters’ speech, and to a large extent in the narrator’s part, they are referred to by hypocorisms and unofficial surname forms.
EN
The intensively developing Polish-Korean contacts and direct access to the knowledge of South Korea as one of the major East Asian countries obtained from Internet and media coverage have resulted in Korean toponyms being assimilated in the Polish language to an increasing extent. However, they are adapted in a number of ways, being mediated through two main systems of Latinising the Korean language, i.e. the McCune-Reischauer transcription and the modified MOE transcription, which is officially propagated by Korean authorities. This leads to a certain competition between the two systems, which are, moreover, o en used in the situation of not only lack of command of the source language itself, but also ignorance of the conventional rules of the Latin transcription of Korean geographical names, which are different in both transcriptions. Moreover, toponyms must be assimilated based on various compromises between the phonological system of the source language and the system of the receiving language. Such a helpful compromise might be an additionally used Polonised transcription in the resource of le er symbols, but this requires substantial adjustments and additions as well as unavoidable concessions to make it easier for Polish recipients to decipher texts about Korea. From the perspective of historical standardisation of some characteristic Korean toponyms in Polish publications, various transcription tools, methods of their assimilation and adaptations, as well as the obvious cognitive barriers might become definitely more pronounced and informative for both text authors and recipients.
Onomastica
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2014
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vol. 58
151-166
EN
STRUCTURE OF A WORD AS AN INDICATOR OF PROPRIALITY IN TOPONYMY (AS EXEMPLIFIED IN ENTRIES FROM 18TH-CENTURY JUDICIAL RECORDS OF RZESZÓW) The article returns to a problem long considered in onomastics, that of establishing the boundaries between the appellative and proprial spheres of language. The main goal is an attempt to answer the question of whether the construction of a lexical unit can be an exponent of its onymic status. Studies conducted with examples of 18th-century possessive names noted in the city records of Rzeszów led to the conclusion that questions of structure and structural meaning of a word are important, but only if the construction of the name is analyzed in a broad context (motivation, frequency, period of the name’s origin, and linguistic customs predominating at the time). The actual construction of lexical units does not really suffice to describe their onymic status indisputably; it is, however, an essential supportive criterion.
EN
The article provides an overview of exonyms used in reference to Poland in Chinese-language cartographic and textual sources from the period of Imperial China (i.e. until 1912) with the earliest source dating back to the 14th century. Extensive excerpts of the textual sources have been quoted and translated into Polish to providethe reader with information on the state of knowledge about Poland amongst Chinese officials, scholars and rulers from that period. The use of Chinese-language texts written both by Chinese and foreign authors allows for a basic analysis of foreign influences on Chinese exonymy. Fragments of maps have been included in the article to introduce the reader to the style and level of Chinese cartography from the period.
EN
The subject of the article is a semantic and structural analysis of 10 selected toponyms of the Halych region (out of 1,224), whose origin is more or less puzzling. The names of places in the historical Halych region (currently in Ukraine, within the Ivano-Frankivsk and Tarnopol Oblasts) have not been given attention in monographs before. Some of them were listed by Stefan Hrabec, Mykhail Hudaš, Jan Zaleski and Edward Klisiewicz, Miroslav Haborak, Vasil Âacìj, Vira Kotovič and Dmitro Bučko. The comprehensive presentation of the local units of the Ruthenian lands of the Republic of Poland, including the Halych region, became the subject of research by Teresa Pluskota. Onyms analysed in the article by the mentioned authors were willingly classified as unclear names – Rydoduby, unclear or separate from anthroponyms without dictionary confirmations – Holhocze, Kluwińce, Tłumacz, or only as separate names from anthroponyms without dictionary confirmations – Jarhorów, Niewoczyn, Rukomysz, Utoropy, or as personal names with recorded uses – Kłubowce, Łokutki. The article is an attempt to clarify the aforementioned vague names and to de-anthroponymize the others, for which a credible physiographic or cultural etymology can be proposed.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza semantyczna i strukturalna 10 wybranych toponimów ziemi halickiej (spośród 1224), których pochodzenie jest w mniejszym lub większym stopniu zagadkowe. Nazwy miejscowości historycznej ziemi halickiej (obecnie na terenie Ukrainy w obrębie województw iwanofrankowskiego oraz tarnopolskiego) nie miały wcześniej monograficznego opracowania. Niektóre z nich znalazły się w opracowaniach Stefana Hrabca, Mychajła Hudaša, Jana Zaleskiego oraz Edwarda Klisiewicza, Мyroslawa Haboraka, Wasyla Âacìja, Wiry Kotowycz i Dmytra Bučko. Całościowe ujęcie jednostek miejscowych ziem ruskich Rzeczypospolitej (w tym też ziemi halickiej) stało się przedmiotem badań Teresy Pluskoty. Analizowane w artykule  jednostki przez wymienionych autorów chętnie klasyfikowano jako nazwy niejasne – Rydoduby, niejasne lub odosobowe od antroponimów bez słownikowych potwierdzeń – Hołhocze, Kluwińce, Tłumacz, bądź jedynie jako nazwy odosobowe od antroponimów bez słownikowych potwierdzeń – Jarhorów, Niewoczyn, Rukomysz, Utoropy, lub jako nazwy osobowe z odnotowanymi użyciami – Kłubowce, Łokutki. Artykuł przynosi próbę objaśnienia wymienionych nazw niejasnych oraz odantroponimizowania pozostałych, dla których można zaproponować wiarygodną etymologię fizjograficzną lub kulturową.
EN
This paper aims at analysing and comparing several nominal expressions of plurality from a semantic and a discursive perspective: inhabited place names (cities, countries – la France), plural nominal syntagmas (les Français), human collective nouns (le peuple français, la population française, l’opinion française). From a denotative point of view, these expressions may be compared and may sometimes be substituted for one another, but each of them has distinctive characteristics, concerning the potential for ambiguity, the lexical meaning, the globalizing vs individualizing interpretation. By analysing mainly political discourse and basing our study on a semantico-referential approach, we will attempt to grasp the discursive and rhetorical stakes involved in the use of these different nominal expressions.
8
61%
EN
The purpose of the article is to consider a specific group of ergonyms associated with the regional culture, history, development, and geolocation of the Samara region. The article is aimed at finding out the main characteristic features of the names of enterprises and organizations (ergonyms) in Samara. The author uses descriptive comparative method. To provide the material and examples of ergonym, the methods of association, links and semantic map are used. The provided description makes us think that the regional peculiarities of ergonyms are an essential part of the national-cultural component. It can be realized with the help of the realities associated with geolocation or specific features of the social, cultural, historical, ethnic development of a state and nation as a whole. It can be concluded that modern trends affect the ergonymic space of a city and its ergonymicon. The national-territorial component is capable of performing a parole function. There are certain ergonymic models associated with territorial identity, including abbreviations and acronyms, as well as contaminations of different types. The analysis and the study results of Samara ergonyms are supposed to be a valuable material for investigation of proper names of enterprises, institution, firms etc. There are further prospects for studying a number of onomastic issues. The study results can be useful in solving brand and rebrand problems.
Facta Simonidis
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2008
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issue 1
327-342
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono etymologię ludową i naukową kilku nazw miejscowych powiatu tomaszowskiego. Szczegółowej charakterystyce poddane zostały następujące toponimy: Lubycza Królewska, Korczmin; hydronimy: Huczwa, Wieprz, Tanew; oraz mikrotoponimy: Gołda i Zamczysko. Analiza semantyczno-strukturalna wykazała znaczne różnice między tzw. etymologią naiwną a badaniami stricte naukowymi.
EN
This paper discusses folk and linguistic etymology of selected toponyms in the district of Tomaszów Lubelski. In particular, the author focuses his analysis on the following place names: Lubycza Królewska, Korczmin; hydronyms: Huczwa, Wieprz, Tanew; and microtoponyms: Gołda and Zamczysko. The semantic and structural analysis of the names in question reveals considerable discrepancies between the so-called naive etymology and the linguistic etymological analyses.
Acta onomastica
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2012
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vol. 53
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issue 1
117-134
EN
Based on an analysis of the names of approximately 1500 Czech geocaches, the article outlines the basic naming processes involved in choosing cache names. Since most geo-caches are located in the open countryside, it is not surprising that transonymic processes involving transformation of toponyms and other kinds of place names are very frequent. However, due to the diverse character of geocaches, the motivation may also derive from existing anthroponyms or any other names of man-made, natural or fictional objects. Cache--naming may likewise involve the specification of the founder’s identity, the method of sol-ving a mystery task, the cache function, a mention of the treasure-hunting nature of the game and the serial character of some caches, with names often chosen with an element of humour. It is argued that the special nature of caches as onymic objects allows their names to be conceived of as a special category, namely cacheonyms. The article also discusses several aspects of the formal make-up of cache names and outlines some basic socio-linguistic issues connected with code choice (local code /e.g. Czech/ v. English v. other codes, and their mutual combinations).
EN
The author of the paper tries to analyse toponyms associated with Russia which are present for himself in the Polish linguistic space. The analysis will be made from a point of view of cultural linguistics. Place-names traditionally strengthened in both languages, of which showing geographical objects was an initial function, as  a result of historical contacts between Russia and Poland obtained a new additional meaning. Presenting the meaning is the purpose of the paper, in particular with the emphasis on the way the events associated with individual Russian toponyms was reflected in Polish are interpreted. The manner of making them Polish texts in which place names associated with Russia appear will be analysed. On the basis of the context of using them and stylistic marking applying these words will be described. Moreover, the place-names will stay in the form of questionnaire presented to native users of the Polish language in order to examine the associations connected with the given place.  On the basis of the research the author made an attempt to reconstruct the mental map of Russia in the Polish linguistic space.
PL
Prowadzenie badań nad nazwami miejsc i miejscowości, ich analiza na podstawie wczesnych źródeł i porównanie z nazwami w późniejszych dokumentach pozwala określić procesy rozwoju toponimii kraju smoleńskiego i przedstawić prawidłowości tego rozwoju. Typowe dla wczesnych okresów rozwoju toponimów były konstrukcje opisowe, w których występowała nazwa przedstawianego obiektu, dane właściciela (imię/przezwisko, nazwisko) oraz nazwa obiektu wodnego, znajdującego się w pobliżu danej miejscowości. W charakterze słów-wskazówek w konstrukcjach opisowych odnoszących się do danego obiektu (wsi, pastwiska, pustkowia) mogły być używane słowa река (rzeka), ручей, ручеек (strumień, mały strumień), исток (źródło), озеро (jezioro), речка (rzeczka), колодезь и колодец (źródło) itd. Wsie, sioła, pustkowia w XVII–XVIII w. często miały podwójne nazwy. Mogły to być nazwy oficjalne i ludowe oraz stare i nowe. W późniejszych okresach, wraz z rozwojem i kształtowaniem się nowożytnego systemu toponimicznego, konstrukcje opisowe stopniowo zanikały i były zamieniane na dobrze nam znane nazwy jednowyrazowe.
EN
The study of the names of places and settlements, their analysis on the basis of earlier sources, and the comparison of those names with later documents allows for an explication of the process of development of toponyms in the region of Smolensk and a presentation of the patterns of that process. Descriptive constructions were typical of the early stages of the development of place names; including the name of the feature, information about its owner (first name, nickname, surname), and the name of water features in the vicinity of the settlement. Words such as река (river), ручей, ручеек (brook, little stream), исток (spring, source), озеро (lake), речка (little river), колодезь and колодец (spring) etc, were used in the character of word-clues in descriptive constructions given to particular features (villages, pastures, waste villages, waste places). Villages and open spaces often had two names in the 17th and 18th centuries. These may have been the official and common names, or the old and the new. In later times, along with the development and formation of a new system of toponymy, descriptive constructions began to disappear and were replaced by the well-known single-word names.
Facta Simonidis
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2008
|
vol. 1
|
issue 1
327-339
EN
This paper discusses folk and linguistic etymology of selected toponyms in the district of Tomaszów Lubelski. In particular, the author focuses his analysis on the following place names: Lubycza Królewska, Korczmin; hydronyms: Huczwa, Wieprz, Tanew; and microtoponyms: Gołda and Zamczysko. The semantic and structural analysis of the names in question reveals considerable discrepancies between the so-called naive etymology and the linguistic etymological analyses.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono etymologię ludową i naukową kilku nazw miejscowych powiatu tomaszowskiego. Szczegółowej charakterystyce poddane zostały następujące toponimy: Lubycza Królewska, Korczmin; hydronimy: Huczwa, Wieprz, Tanew; oraz mikrotoponimy: Gołda i Zamczysko. Analiza semantyczno-strukturalna wykazała znaczne różnice między tzw. etymologią naiwną a badaniami stricte naukowymi.
EN
The aim of the article was a comparative study of Belarusian, Russian and Polish toponymic units, which include a coloristic component or the internal form of which is motivated by color lexemes (colouronyms). In the article, the consideration of toponyms with color component was carried out mainly on the basis of oikonyms, hydronyms and microtoponyms.  The selection of the material and the definition of etymology of geographical names had been carried out according to the authoritative Belarusian, Russian and Polish publications, as well as electronic state catalogues and registers. The scientific approaches to the study of language as a social phenomenon, generally accepted in linguistics, constitute the methodological basis of the work. Descriptive, comparative, and quantitative methods had been used in the study. The analysis revealed the degree of representation of specific colors in the national toponymy, the ways of realization of color semantics and features of color toponymic motivation have been established, the color priorities in toponymy against the background of ethnic coloristic tradition in the culture of the Belarusian, Russian and Polish peoples have been determined.
PL
Celem artykułu było porównanie białoruskich, rosyjskich i polskich jednostek toponimicznych, które zawierają komponent kolorystyczny lub formę wewnętrzną, motywowaną leksemami kolorystycznymi (koloronimy). W artykule analizowano toponimy ze składnikiem kolorystycznym głównie na podstawie ojkonimów, hydronimów i mikrotoponimów.  Wybór materiału i określenie etymologii nazw geograficznych zostało przeprowadzone zgodnie z oficjalnymi publikacjami białoruskimi, rosyjskimi i polskimi oraz elektronicznymi katalogami i rejestrami państwowymi. Naukowe podejście do badania języka jako zjawiska społecznego, powszechnie akceptowane w lingwistyce, stanowi metodologiczną podstawę pracy. W badaniu wykorzystano metody opisowe, porównawcze oraz ilościowe. Analiza wykazała stopień reprezentacji poszczególnych kolorów w toponimii narodowej, sposoby realizacji semantyki kolorystycznej, a także pozwoliła ustalić cechy motywacji toponimicznej koloru oraz priorytety etniczne w toponimii na tle tradycji kolorystycznej w kulturze narodów białoruskiego, rosyjskiego i polskiego.
UK
StreszczenieW artykule poddano analizie białoruskie, rosyjskie i polskie jednostki toponimiczne, które zawierają komponent kolorystyczny lub których wewnętrzna forma motywowana jest leksemami kolorystycznymi. Ukazany został stopień reprezentatywności konkretnych barw w narodowej toponimii, wskazane sposoby realizacji semantyki kolorystycznej oraz osobliwości kolorystycznej motywacji toponimicznej. Pokazano priorytety toponimiczne w zakresie barw na tle etnicznej tradycji kolorystycznej w kulturze narodu białoruskiego, rosyjskiego i polskiego.
EN
The Austro-Hungarian and interwar-Polish military survey manuals issued by K. u. k. Militärgeographisches Institut and Wojskowy Instytut Geograficzny definied the way a topographer had to conduct his toponymic work. The examined Austro-Hungarian manuals (dating 1875, 1887, 1894, and 1903) and Polish (1925, 1936, 1937) include numerous paragraphs concerning the way a topographer should collect and note toponyms on topographic survey sheets. The military purpose of the maps that were to be based on the survey had an impact on the formal properties of the toponyms collected by a topographer. The registered names had to be correct and to reflect the real toponymic usus of local people. The toponymic material collected by a topographer had an essential influence on the names placed on published maps. The main finding of the article is that the studied regulations do not impose a linguistic adaptation of local-language toponyms to the politically dominating official languages.
16
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Jména po chalupě v obcích Láz a Čenkov

51%
EN
The paper provides with an analysis of the preserved names after houses in villages Láz and Čenkov. The linguistic analysis was carried out on a total of 139 names (75 in the village of Láz, and 64 in Čenkov). The largest group consists of names based on the surnames of the original or more rarely of the current owners. However, other groups were also represented, such as names derived from nouns reflecting the psychophysical or social qualities, education or profession of the owner. A partial comparative probe proves that, in spite of sceptical prognoses, the names after houses are still used in some villages and they successfully face especially the demographic changes of the Czech countryside.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia prawidłowości w zakresie podstawowych kategorii fleksyjnych (tj. rodzaju, liczby i przypadka) obcych i polskich toponimów. Materiał źródłowy stanowią nazwy państw świata i ich stolic, największe miasta świata oraz największe miasta Polski. Z badań wynika, że rodzaj męski mają zasadniczo toponimy o wygłosie spółgłoskowym, rodzaj żeński – nazwy własne zakończone na -a, natomiast rodzaj nijaki – leksemy z wygłosowymi samogłoskami: -e, -i//-y, -o oraz -u. Zdecydowana większość toponimów ma postać liczby pojedynczej, jedynie niewielka ich część to formy plurale tantum, o czym decydują czynniki semantyczne, np. Stany Zjednoczone, Komory bądź historyczne, np.: Węgry, Niemcy. Toponimy rodzaju męskiego odmieniają się według paradygmatu deklinacji męskiej, przy czym nazwy obce mają w D. lp. na ogół końcówkę -u, natomiast nazwy polskie najczęściej zakończenie -a. Leksemy rodzaju żeńskiego odmieniają się według wzorca deklinacji męskiej, natomiast toponimy rodzaju nijakiego są w ponad 90% nieodmienne.
EN
The active nominating processes have started in the linguistic landscape of Ukraine quite recently. These processes have been caused by the political and economic transformation of the society: most importantly by the need to rename a number of cities, villages and streets in accordance with the law of decommunization, which came into force in 2015. This research is focused on 889 names of Ukrainian villages and urban settlements that emerged as a result of the decommunization process in 2016. The analysis of these oikonyms revealed two main directions of motivational processes. The first of them was restoring the former (old) names to villages (these names, 280 oikonyms, 31.5%, make up a third of the whole research material), for instance: village Жабки / Zhabky, village Кам’янецькі Хутори / Kamjanetski Khutory. The second way how to rename a settlement was to create new names (there are 609 items of this kind in the represented material, i.e. 68.5% of all renamings), for instance: village Бережани / Berezhany, village Чумацький Шлях / Chumatskyi Shliakh. When restoring the historical names, inhabitants, as a rule, used the names from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century or names that emerged at the moment of foundation of the settlement (village Бузькі Пороги / Buzki Porohy, village Василів Хутір / Vasyliv Khutir). Among 280 restored historical names about 70 belong to the cultural heritage of original nation and national communities of Ukraine, which is about 8% of all renamings (village Карабулат / Karabulat, village Торосове / Torosove).
CS
V posledních letech v ukrajinské jazykové krajině probíhají aktivní pojmenovací procesy. Je to vyvoláno politickou a ekonomickou transformací společnosti: především nutností přejmenování řady měst, obcí a ulic v souladu se zákonem o dekomunizaci, jenž nabyl platnosti v r. 2015. Tento příspěvek je věnován 889 přejmenováním ukrajinských obcí v důsledku procesu dekomunizace během roku 2016. Analýzou změněných oikonym byly zjištěny dva základní směry procesů motivace. První z nich představuje navrácení původních názvů obcím, zde bylo nalezeno 280 jednotek, což tvoří 31,5 % všech přejmenování neboli jejich třetinu (např. с. Жабки, с. Кам’янецькі Хутори). Druhý proces je spojen s tvorbou nových názvů, ve shromážděném materiálu jsou tato onyma zastoupena 609 jednotkami, jež představují 68,5 % všech přejmenování (např. с. Бережани, с. Чумацький Шлях). Při návratu historických názvů se zpravidla vycházelo z názvů z konce 19. a začátku 20. století nebo názvů, které vznikly v okamžiku založení obce (Бузькі Пороги, Василів Хутір). Mezi 280 navrácenými historickými názvy patří skoro 70 pojmenování (čtvrtina případů) do kulturního dědictví původních národů a národnostních menšin Ukrajiny, jedná se o 8 % celkového množství přejmenování (např. с. Карабулат, с. Торосове).
EN
The article discusses the onyms used by Mikhail Zoshchenko in his stories and novellas through their three functions: 1) designation of the main character and place of action; 2) nomination of a minor character and geographical object; 3) designation of a background character or object. The article continues the research on Zoshchenko started by the Polish scientist Jarosław Wierzbiński. Anthroponyms in the works of M.M. Zoshchenko denote the main and secondary progatonists, toponyms (oikonyms, urbanonyms, etc.) used for the place of action, and units of peripheral categories, which most often act to designate background objects. The author names his protagonists by their first name and patronymic, which is a specific feature of the Russian etiquette that distinguishes it from the cultural and linguistic situations of other peoples. The writer calls persons from a lower level of the society with brief and familiarly disparaging forms of the anthroponym.The onomastic style of M.M. Zoshchenko includes the use of the full anthroponymic formula: first name + patronymic + surname when presenting a protagonist. In the stories of Zoshchenko, there are toponyms, such as Moscow, Leningrad, Ligovo, Yalta, Kislovodsk, etc.; urbanonyms: Bolshaya Prolomnaya Street, Glazova and Borovaya Streets, ergonyms: Petrosovet, Shchukin market, hotel “Europe” etc. Proper names are woven into Zoshchenko’s texts as an obligatory and organizing component. They interact with other textual elements and demonstrate their visual capabilities in a broad and narrow context.
RU
В статье рассматриваются онимы, используемые Михаилом Зощенко в своих рассказах и повестях в трeх функциях: 1) обозначение главного действующего лица и места действия; 2) номинация второстепенного персонажа и географического объекта; 3) обозначение фонового персонажа или объекта. Статья продолжает зощенковедческие исследования польского учeного Ярослава Вежбиньского. Антропонимы в произведениях М.М. Зощенко обозначают главных и второстепенных героев, топонимы (ойконимы, урбанонимы и др.) называют место действия, единицы периферийных разрядов чаще всего выступают для обозначения фоновых объектов. Автор именуют своих героев по имени и отчеству, что является специфической чертой русского этикета, отличающей его от культурно-языковых ситуаций других народов. Лиц, стоящих на более низкой социальной ступени, писатель именует краткими и фамильярно-пренебрежительными формами антропонима. Ономастический стиль М.М. Зощенко включает использование полной антропонимической формулы имя + отчество + фамилия при представлении героя. В рассказах Зощенко встречаются топонимы Москва, Ленинград, Лигово, Ялта, Кисловодск и др.; урбанонимы Большая Проломная улица, Глазова и Боровая улицы; эргонимы Петросовет, Щукин рынок, гостиница «Европа» и т. д. Имена собственные вплетаются в ткань зощенковского текста как обязательный и организующий компонент. Они взаимодействуют с другими текстовыми элементами, демонстрируют свои изобразительные возможности в широком и узком контексте.
EN
The article discusses selected terrain names in the district of Lubawa. The microtoponyms gathered are hydronyms, hill names, names of forests, fields and meadows. The names in the group of hydronyms come usually from appellatives connected with water (stream, bog, current). All the names of hills are semantically motivated. Names of forests describe their location, size or kinds of trees. Most terrain names refer to fields and meadows because the district of Lubawa and adjacent districts are agricultural ones. The names are semantically connected with the type and colour of soil, location or condition of fields and meadows. In the collected material there are one-word names, two-word names and prepositional phrases, e.g. Biele, Młyńska Struga, Nad Zogą.
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