Search results

1

Finanse złotoryjskiego ratusza w drugiej połowie XVII wieku

100%

Gradzińska A.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2014

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vol. 74

EN

The finances of the Złotoryja town hall in the second half of the 17th century(Summary) The operations of the treasury in municipal councils in old Silesian towns have not been widely studied. Based on the collected source materials, the article presents the structure of finances at the Złotoryja town hall in the second half of the 17th century. In that period Złotoryja was in the final stages of economic recovery following the end of the Thirty Years War. An analysis of the source materials showed that the town’s largest source of income was extraordinary inflows (mainly from agricultural tax) and interest on loans drawn with the municipal council. The key expense in this period was for the extensively developed bureaucratic apparatus. At the forefront were the salaries of the magistrates and clerks, i.e. higher and middle level officials. Entertainment costs for the officials (expenses to honour higher ranking officials and organize occasional banquets) and expenses related to their political life, such as participation in various diplomatic missions, were also material. The municipal authorities’ financial “extravagancies” were responsible for over 50% of all expenses incurred on the council’s administrative activities. Although the source materials are modest and only allow for a fragmentary reconstruction of the budget for Złotoryja’s town hall, some of the political and social activities of the council can be observed. The ledgers are without doubt very useful for learning about the clerical structures and various forms of its representation.

2

Praskie ratusze – symboliczne czy rzeczywiste centra władzy?

75%

Jišová K.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2014

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vol. 74

EN

Town halls in Prague – A symbolic or real centre of power?(Summary) The Prague agglomeration consisted of four medieval towns: the Old Town, the New Town, Mala Strana and also Hradčany. The article throws light on the relations, often dramatic, between the town halls of the Old and New Towns (the fi rst was built in 1338, the second before 1374) in the 15th century. An uprising broke out in the New Town in 1419. The insurgents forced their way into the town hall and defenestrated 10–13 men. In May 1420 the communes appointed new councillors for the first time. In August, on the initiative of Jan Želivský, a general meeting of the communes was convened in the Old Town hall and new councillors were appointed. In June 1421 armed action by the townsmen of the New Town resulted in the town council’s resignation. Both towns were combined into a single body governed from the Old Town hall, of course, under Želivský’s dictatorship. However, the chancelleries of both towns remained independent and maintained town ledgers in parallel. During that period the importance of the town councils’ dropped to an alltime low, political decisions were taken by Želivský, without the participation of either of the town halls (in 1422 Želivský was imprisoned in the Old Town hall and subsequently decapitated). The association of Prague communes disintegrated at the turn of 1423/24. Sigismund Korybut ruled in the period from 1422 to 1427. The Duke established a new joint council for the Old and New Towns, consisting of 18 councillors from both towns. Korybut was overthrown, but everything seems to point to the fact that later both towns were once again unified; however, from August 1428 at the latest, the councils again became independent. In 1434 thanks to the support of Bohemian lords, the townsmen of the Old Town captured the New Town. But in 1436, the Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund of Luxembourg, who had already accepted a pledge of allegiance from the townsmen of Prague, freed the citizens of the New Town from the Old Town’s hegemony. In 1483 another uprising began in Prague, which was referred to as the epilogue to the Hussite revolution, which claimed new victims from among the authorities of both town halls. Forty years later there were further tensions in Prague.

3

SIEDZIBY WŁADZ MIEJSKICH W DAWNYM PRYWATNYM MIEŚCIE ŻYCHLINIE. HISTORIA BUDOWY RATUSZA

71%

Popławski B.

Notatki Płockie. Kwartalnik Towarzystwa Naukowego Płockiego

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2019

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issue 2(259)

s. 17-24

PL

Żychlin od początku powstania prywatnego miasta lokacyjnego nie posiadał ratusza miejskiego. Pierwsze próby wybudowania siedziby władz municypalnych podjęto dopiero w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku. W 1845 r. przy poparciu władz nadrzędnych i właściciela miasta Aleksandra Pawła Pruszaka opracowano program, plan i kosztorys budowy ratusza. Miał to być skromny, murowany, piętrowy budynek bez wieży i innych ozdób. Ratusz miał być wzniesiony przy Nowym Rynku za kościołem parafialnym. Budowli jednak nie zrealizowano z braku funduszy, a siedzibę władz miasta umieszczono w adaptowanym budynku przy szkole. Siedziba ta funkcjonowała do połowy XX wieku. Dopiero w latach 70. i 80. ubiegłego wieku wzniesiono nowe obiekty dla administracji gminy i miasta oraz firm komunalnych.

EN

From the beginning of the establishment of the private town, Żychlin didn’t have a town hall. The first attempts to build the seat of municipal authorities were taken up in the first half of the XIXth century. In 1845, with superior authorities’ and the owner of the town – Aleksander Paweł Pruszak’s advocacy, the programme, plan and cost estimation for the town hall were developed. It was planned to be modest, brick-built, storey building, without a tower and other decorations. The town hall was supposed to be build at New Market, behind the parish church. However, the building was not raised due to lack of funds and the seat of municipal authorities was located in adapted building next to school. This place was holding this function up until the half of the XX century. Finally, in the 1970s and 1980s new objects for the parish administration, town and municipal companies were built.

4

Budowa i przebudowa ratusza w miastach Królestwa Polskiego do końca XVIII wieku

63%

Krasnowolski B.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2014

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vol. 74

PL

The construction and reconstruction of town halls in the cities of the Kingdom of Poland until the end of the 18th century(Summary) The article, which also takes into account the issues relating to the medieval town halls in Silesia, Western Pomerania and the Teutonic State, is an attempt at synthesizing the existing research. The following aspects have been analysed: the location of the town hall within the urban complex and the transformation of the forms and symbols of both its architecture and design. Town halls came into existence as a consequence of – although not necessarily immediately – founding towns based on German Law and the establishment of municipal authorities. The relationship between the town halls and urban planning varied. The town hall could be located along the front of the main market square (Wieliczka in Małopolska) or a street – a place functioning as the market square (evolution of the urban context in the town hall in Gdańsk), sometimes (due to the location of the house of the municipal councillor?) outside the market place (originally in Nowy Sącz). Its location along the front of the market square in Early Modern towns could have both an aesthetic and symbolic aspect (Zamość). The evolution of the central-market square block, with the town hall and stalls was very characteristic of medieval towns and infl uenced the Małopolska region (Kraków) and Wielkopolska region (Poznań) from Silesia (Wrocław, Świdnica, Legnica). In Early Modern private towns, from the Renaissance era (Głowów) to the late Baroque (Siedlce), the town hall was often situated in a place which emphasized the axes of the urban layout. The tower was usually an important element in the architecture of the oldest town hall buildings (13th/14th century). It emphasized the town’s autonomy and, similarly to the adjacent hall, was derived from the architecture of feudal castles (Wrocław, Kraków). The tower also emerged as the oldest element of the central-market square block in many Silesian towns, and was modelled on the beffrois (Bruges). The form of a tower came to the Małopolska region in the 14th century (the oldest town hall in Sandomierz) and Ruthenia (Krosno, Kamieniec Podolski). Two-naved halls which alluded to the palatium (Poznań), were particularly frequent in Western Pomerania (Stargard, Pasłęk, Kamień Pomorski, Chojnice, Szczecin). By contrast to the simple, purely functional architectural forms of the oldest town halls, in the lands of the Teutonic knights fi ne details were present as early as in the early 14th century (Chełmno). The richness of the forms and designs of the Pomeranian town halls, with Toruń at the forefront (which Jan Długosz noticed) had an impact on the late Gothic town halls in the Małopolska region (reconstruction of the Kraków town hall, 1454). The transfer of the offi cial functions from the ground floor of the town hall to the Artus Court could also relate to Kraków. Bohemian models played a large role in the shaping of representative architecture, symbolism and the iconographic programme of the late Gothic town halls in Silesia (15th/16th century) – e.g. the relationship between the Ladislaus Room in Hradčany and the Lwówek town hall. In Early Modern times the “bipolarity” of architectural designs in Polish lands, which were inspired by ideas coming both from Italy and the Netherlands is most noticeable on examples in the Małopolska region, notably Kraków (attics surmounting the buildings) and Pomerania, notably Gdańsk, where the designs by masters from the Netherlands were subordinated to erudite, complicated political “treaties”. In the Wielkopolska region the Mannerist style inspired by Northern Italian (Serlian) designs was at the forefront as can be seen in the reconstruction of Poznań’s town hall. In the era of urban decline in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (2nd half of the 17th/18th century) anachronistic, medieval designs continued to be used (Stary Sącz); private towns were an exception (e.g. Leszno and Buchacz owned by the Leszczyński family), which were able to afford magnificent constructions. The architecture and design of town halls refl ect the ambitions as well as the condition of the bourgeoisie and therefore the phenomena which took various forms in the different historical periods and regions. Future research should put special emphasis on tracing the “migration” of designs and ideas from the magnifi cent urban centres of the West through the main Polish cities to provincial towns.

5

Symbolika ratuszy w przestrzeni miasta średniowiecznego. Wybrane przykłady

63%

Eysymontt R.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2014

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vol. 74

PL

The symbolism of town halls in medieval cities. Selected examples(Summary) Town halls have always been the best example of the aspirations and possibilities of urban communities. The location of the town hall building was related to its central role in the political system and functioning of the town. This was the case, irrespective of the period in which the building was raised, or its size. Its functional and ideological centrality in the urban space was achieved in several ways. The first, dating back to the ancient tradition, is associated with the classical structure of a city based on a rectilinear grid of streets – the town hall takes the place of the Roman praetorium, which was in the castrum at the intersection of the cardo and decumanus. This was not only the case in cities in the Apennine Peninsula, but also in colonized areas – in the towns established on the former sites of Roman camps. If the town hall building was part of a densely developed area, its form always distinguished it from the other buildings, and if it was a free-standing building, it competed with the church buildings with regards to its shape and location. Another way of emphasizing the central role of the main municipal building in the urban layout was to make it the main vertical accent, by accentuating its height with regard to the church towers – as in the solutions associated with the Flemish idea of the beffroi. The third important aspect regarding the spatial composition of medieval cities was the location of the town hall building in close relation to the “dynamic” diagonal axis of the town’s layout linking the town hall with the cathedral or parish church. This kind of layout can be found both on the Apennine Peninsula and in Silesia. The signifi cant analogies, which are visible at first glance, between the functioning of various town hall buildings in various geographical regions far away from one another, confirm the appropriateness of undertaking further research on the various groups of buildings in urban layouts both in the context of contemporary ideas and archetypes that had an influence throughout the whole of Europe, which in this context appears to be a culturally homogenous area.

6

Ceremonie na ratuszu krakowskim w XV–XVIII wieku

63%

Wyżga M.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2014

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vol. 74

PL

Ceremonies at the town hall in Kraków from the 15th to 18th century(Summary) Sources with information on ceremonies at the town hall in Kraków are somewhat brief. Most of the information can be found in the ledgers. The status of capital gave the city considerable significance within the state. By organizing ceremonies at Kraków’s town hall, council elections, paying homage to kings, hosting senior state officials and deputies, the town authorities could influence politics. The Kraków town hall remained an important centre both for official celebrations and carnivalesque events. It was therefore an important place with regard to the policy of the municipal council until the end of the Polish Noble’s Republic. Here the town was able to overcome its limitations and defend its autonomy, both formally and informally impacting Poland’s elite. The participation of state officials in municipal ceremonies was an opportunity to show off the splendour of Kraków. This was particularly true after the transfer of the royal court to Warsaw, when the kings visited their temporary Wawel residence less frequently. The role of the town hall in social communication was twofold. On the one hand it was a form of promotion for the town, on the other it was a barrier between representatives of the authorities and the ordinary citizens of Kraków. The town hall was a cultural place and a sign of the exceptionally extroverted, developed collective life of the old town. The square in front of the town hall was also important. It was a typical municipal theatre. Ceremonies held in Kraków took the form of court and state ceremonies.

7

Finanse ratusza w średniowieczu

63%

Goliński M.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2014

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vol. 74

EN

Town hall finances in the Middle Ages(Summary) The “town hall’s” expenses were an almost standard item in the late medieval accounts of towns influenced by German culture. This item could usually be associated with the general costs for maintaining the institutions, related to the council’s exercising power in the town, and included also direct expenditure on the town hall building and on the activities conducted therein. Current costs related to the maintenance of the building comprised mainly heating, repairs and the construction of heating devices, as well as various minor repairs. Less important costs were related to supplementing the equipment in the rooms, mainly with items related to official activities, archiving, and entertainment functions (vessels used for the banquets). Most of the costs incurred in respect of the work of officials were related to providing the chancellery with paper. Usually, a junior official, called a servant or porter, was responsible for the office building; however, this was only a fraction of his responsibilities. Dividing the office activities among various rooms, sometimes separate buildings, makes defining the scope of the term “town hall”, as well as determining the budget, difficult, particularly with regard to the specific purpose cash system which dominated in municipal accounting and covered the revenues and expenses of particular administrative departments and municipal tribunals. Revenues directly related to the town hall building included those generated by council monopolies for selling imported beer and heavy wines in the town hall cellars. Dividing the commercial and official functions among other rooms depended mainly on local circumstances, and it seems that this was typical of the early phase of a town hall’s operations.

8

„…když se pán voli v Praze na rathúzi…” Programy ideowe ratuszy a działania legitymizujące prawa do tronu czeskiego w XIV–XV wieku

62%

Czechowicz B.

Historica: revue pro historii a příbuzné vědy (Historica: Review in history and related sciences)

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2015

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vol. 6

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issue 1

27-42

EN

The article refers back to the author’s earlier publications revising some of them. It relates to the current discussions on the ideological functions of late medieval town halls. The author’s proposition is to perceive their programmes as political ones not only as an indication of the town’s dependency to a certain ruler or dominion (country) but also as a means of the ruler’s legitimization. The 15th century towns attained a position unheard-of before or after which can be perfectly seen in the Czech country at that time. The king’s elections took place in the Town Hall in Prague and in the Town Hall in Wrocław the decision of his approval used to be made. The Town Hall’s decoration in Wrocław and in a smaller amount in Świdnica too, provides evidence for political elections and decisions made in them. It used to be a scenery for state level events proving them sometimes in the most exquisite way.

9

Relikty zabudowy bloku śródrynkowego lokacyjnego Ciechanowa (XVI-XVIII w.)

62%

Affelski J., Trzeciecki M.

Raport

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2016

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vol. 11

171-187

EN

During archaeological supervision carried out in 2010 and 2011 around John Paul II Square in Ciechanów remains of the building complex of the mid-market-square block were excavated. The scale of the research is unprecedented among historic towns founded in Mazovia. Relics of the foundations of the brick town hall, the weigh or the cropping house as well as a series of the relics of light wooden structures – probably stalls or butcheries, forming a quadrangle of the compact building block in the central part of the square, were recorded. The study of portable finds indicates that the town hall and the accompanying buildings were probably erected in the 16th century and they ceased to exist after mid-17th century.

10

Ratusz jako przestrzenne i prawne centrum rozwoju miasta. Rozważania i odniesienia do badań w Niemczech i Austrii od 1990 roku

51%

Opll F.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2014

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vol. 74

EN

The Town Hall as the focus of the spatial and political system in the city’s development: considerations and references to relevant German and Austrian research since 1990(Summary) The article starts with the analysis of respective definitions and considerations regarding the term Rathaus in different languages (German, Italian, English and French). Subsequently the origins of town-halls are taken into closer consideration, a topic which – seen from the standpoint of modern city-marketing – plays a decisive role for the “ranking” of towns. As a synonym for the evolution of civic and urban liberties in Italy as well as north of the Alps the chronology of the evolution of town-halls as well as their topographical placement within the urban pattern are of greatest importance. More explicit considerations are given with regard to town-halls in Austrian towns. An excellent basis for this analysis is the data provided by the series of more than 60 volumes of the Österreichischer Städteatlas (edited 1982–2013). In the end an overview to the respective research with hints to some deficits and possibilities for further investigation is given. It should especially be indicated that the “Rathaus”-topic can and should play a much greater role within actual trends of research (“spatial turn”).

11

Od domus civium do pałacu komunalnego. Średniowieczne początki siedziby władz miejskich

51%

Manikowska H.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2014

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vol. 74

EN

From domus civium to a communal palace. The medieval beginnings of the seat of municipal authorities(Summary) The article discusses the development of the permanent seat of municipal authorities in western Medieval towns – the most impressive secular public building, the symbol and ‘logo’ of a medieval town (known as a commune). The main subject of analysis is the terminology used to describe various communities of citizens, places for their gatherings and the seat of the municipal authorities, used in source materials, from the oldest mention of communes until the 13th century. The birth of the communes, and development of the language to describe them, are presented against the backdrop of the great social and political processes taking place at the turn of the first and second millennium, in “post-Carolingian Europe”, although initially they were only perceptible in Latin. The common basis for educating Medieval clerks (notaries and town writers) – also in terms of language and law – resulted in a barely differentiable and quickly stabilized Latin terminology for describing the seat of the commune (domus civium, domus civitatis, praetorium). The differentiation is more noticeable in the vernacular languages, especially with reference to words describing the place where citizens held gatherings and the place of work of the first municipal authorities, which enables a fuller perception of the relationship between the place where power was exercised and the political evolution of the commune – the degree of its independence, the system of authority, aspirations to political sovereignty and, lastly, the ideology and communal identity. This terminology reflects the processes and circumstances in which the communes were born and developed, the role, on the one hand, of the bishop, his seat and the cathedral, and on the other, the stormy development of the economy, in particular trade and the establishment of guilds (merchants’ chambers). What is particularly noticeable is the term used by the Italian communes transforming into city-states in the 12th/13th century – palatium (palazzo) – which in Roman law was reserved for the seat of the Emperor, and in the early Medieval period was also used by royalty, and then, in the period in which Italian bishops were losing their powers in Italian towns, appropriated by them to describe the residences which were being extended. The general term for the place where municipal powers were being exercised, consolidated in the 13th/14th century in vernacular languages, has remained little changed down to this day in most regions of the researched area. The article concludes with deliberations on the function of the late Medieval seat of the municipal authorities, provided with a strong tower and which housed the constantly increasing archives, as a place of credibility (locus credibilis), memories and space for social communication.

12

Wydatki na utrzymanie ratusza w Krakowie XVI–XVIII wieku

51%

Szlęzak K.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2014

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vol. 74

EN

Expenditure to maintain the town hall in Kraków from the 16th to 18th century(Summary) The excellently preserved town archives in Kraków, and above all, the sources of finance, enable extensive research to be conducted on the expenditure incurred to maintain Kraków’s town hall. The most important sources are the well preserved records regarding the city’s income and expenditure, which contain a lot of information about the expenses incurred for this purpose. In the 16th and 17th century, expenses to meet the needs of the town’s chancellery, to provide materials for the town hall building and to carry out maintenance works inside the building were noted in the section titled praetorii necessaria. Other expenses “regarding the town hall”, relating in particular to repair and construction works, are significantly dispersed in the accounts. The accounts show that throughout the period under discussion the town authorities employed permanent workers to perform some tasks within the town hall building and paid them weekly wages, while other tasks were performed by artisans and workers employed to complete specific tasks. The expenses that can be identified show that with the gradual impoverishment of the town, maintaining the town hall was an increasing burden on its budget. It could be said that the Kraków town hall building is a specific reflection of the state of the town’s finances. During the 16th century, the building prospered and was enlarged and enhanced, but fell into disrepair during Kraków’s political and economic slump.

PL

Karolina SzlęzakExpenditure to maintain the town hall in Kraków from the 16th to 18th century(Summary) The excellently preserved town archives in Kraków, and above all, the sources of finance, enable extensive research to be conducted on the expenditure incurred to maintain Kraków’s town hall. The most important sources are the well preserved records regarding the city’s income and expenditure, which contain a lot of information about the expenses incurred for this purpose. In the 16th and 17th century, expenses to meet the needs of the town’s chancellery, to provide materials for the town hall building and to carry out maintenance works inside the building were noted in the section titled praetorii necessaria. Other expenses “regarding the town hall”, relating in particular to repair and construction works, are significantly dispersed in the accounts. The accounts show that throughout the period under discussion the town authorities employed permanent workers to perform some tasks within the town hall building and paid them weekly wages, while other tasks were performed by artisans and workers employed to complete specific tasks. The expenses that can be identified show that with the gradual impoverishment of the town, maintaining the town hall was an increasing burden on its budget. It could be said that the Kraków town hall building is a specific reflection of the state of the town’s finances. During the 16th century, the building prospered and was enlarged and enhanced, but fell into disrepair during Kraków’s political and economic slump.

13

Ratusz w małych miastach polskich w XV–XVI wieku

51%

Bartoszewicz A.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2014

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vol. 74

EN

The town hall in small Polish towns from the 15th to the 16th century(Summary) This article attempts to find an answer to the question about the presence and role of town halls in very small and small Polish towns (i.e. in centres with a population of from several hundred to just over one thousand people) in the 15th to 16th centuries. Notes made in the town’s ledgers, which included expenses related to the functioning of the town halls, as well as all other mention of such halls in the town’s books and in surveys were analysed. Based on these meagre sources it is difficult to answer with any certainty the question about when the construction of town halls in small centres began. This phenomenon was visible from at least the mid-15th century, although some of the towns of interest to us already had town halls earlier – in the first half of the 15th century. The town hall was perceived by everyone as being a significant element attesting to the fact that a given centre could be called a town. Although the construction and then the maintenance of this attribute of urban culture required both financial means and organization which often exceeded the abilities of small town communities, the desire to build town halls and the planning of such enterprises are clearly visible. Town halls in smaller towns had reduced functions compared with those in large centres; however, far-reaching analogies can be observed. Apart from a residential function, the town halls in small towns served as archives, sometimes also as prisons, it is where trading was conducted, meetings held, and where information was exchanged.

14

Problemy funkcjonowania placu miejskiego w Karczewie w świetle współczesnych potrzeb lokalnej społeczności

45%

Sobierajska I., Sikorska M. E.

MAZOWSZE Studia Regionalne

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2016

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issue 19

49-70

PL

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie współczesnych problemów zagospodarowania i funkcjonowania Rynku Zygmunta Starego w Karczewie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem historycznych nawarstwień i aspektów jego rozwoju, związanych z wielowiekową tradycją handlową rynku. Lokacyjny rynek karczewski od końca XVI wieku do początku wieku XX był główna przestrzenią reprezentacyjną oraz przede wszystkim targową miasta. Zlokalizowany został na zachód od wcześniejszego placu targowego, jeszcze przedlokacyjnego. W XVIII wieku znowu na zachód, tym razem od Rynku, powstał kolejny plac miejski, również będący targowiskiem. Wszystkie 3 przestrzenie placów położone były przy głównym szlaku handlowym wschód-zachód, prowadzącym do przeprawy przez Wisłę. W drugiej połowie wieku XX Rynek został przekształcony z przestrzeni historycznie targowej na przestrzeń wielofunkcyjną, na którą niejako składają się: zieleniec, parking miejski oraz przestrzeń służąca dla organizacji imprez masowych. Te funkcje różnorodnie wprowadzone w różnych częściach rynku spowodowały w efekcie jego całkowicie niespójny obraz, spotęgowany przez zabudowę zrealizowaną w centrum przestrzeni rynku w pierwszej i drugiej połowie XX. wieku – dzielącą rynek na 3 główne części o wspomnianych funkcjach. Charakter i jakość tej zabudowy nie odpowiada randze centralnego planu miejskiego, który przestał być na co dzień główną i tętniącą życiem przestrzenią publiczną miasta. Dodatkowo na obniżenie znaczenia placu wpływa fakt, że główne centrum administracyjne miasta zlokalizowane jest obecnie około 250-300 metrów na zachód od Rynku. Kolejnym ważnym problemem jest ruch tranzytowy, także ciężki, prowadzony śladem dawnego traktu handlowego na kierunku wschód-zachód przez centrum miasta, w tym przez przestrzeń Rynku. Artykuł zawiera ogólne sugestie proponowanych działań rewitalizacyjnych, mających na celu ujednolicenie kompozycyjne obszaru całego Rynku, wskazując potencjalne błędy, które pojawiły się przy podobnych działaniach obejmujących historyczne place miejskie.

EN

This paper present the contemporary problems of development and functioning of Sigismund the Old Square in Karczew, with particular emphasis on the historical strata and aspects of its development, related to the centuries-old tradition of commercial market. The Square was a main presentable space and main city square since the end of the sixteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century a. It was located west of the previous market square. Another city square was founded in the eighteenth century, west from the Square, also being a marketplace. All 3 squares were located on the main trade route east-west leading to the crossing of the Vistula River. In the second half of the twentieth century Square has been transformed from a historically market space for multi-purpose space, which somehow includes: small garden, parking space serving the city and space for mass events. These various functions located in different parts of square cause confusion. Buildings realized in the center of the market space in the twentieth century divides the squarew into 3 main parts. The nature and quality of those buildings do not correspond to the rank of the central square of the city, which has ceased to be lively main public space of the city. The main administrative center of the city is now located about 250-300 meters to the west of the Square, which further reduces the significance of the square. Another important problem is transit traffic, including heavy, run by the old trade route east-west through the city center, including through space of square. The article contains general suggestions proposed revitalization activities aimed at standardizing the whole composition of square area, indicating potential errors that appeared in similar activities covering a historic plazas.

15

Formowanie się ram przestrzennych i instytucjonalnych gminy miejskiej w średniowiecznym Lublinie (XIII i XIV w.)

36%

Okniński P.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia

|

2017

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vol. 72

EN

This article deals with the formation of institutional structures and spatial frames of the late medieval urban settlement, which developed throughout the 13th and 14th centuries on the Old Town-Hill in Lublin. Author reinterprets the findings of previous studies on Lublin’s history in the light of Max Weber’s concept of Western-European model of the urban community. Town of this type is characterized as an autonomous administrative unit, having its own communal government and jurisdiction system, as well as a territorial entity of defined boundaries. Author distinguishes three steps of the urban development in Lublin: 1) establishment of an early urban settlement along today’s Grodzka Street, in the neighborhood of St. Michael the Archangel’s church in the 13th century, 2) implementation of municipal law and the creation of new urban layout by Ladislaus the Elbow-High and Casimir the Great, 3) rapid acceleration of institutional and spatial development after Casimir’s death.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy formowania się struktur instytucjonalnych i ram przestrzennych późnośredniowiecznego osadnictwa miejskiego, które rozwinęły się w ciągu XIII i XIV stulecia na Wzgórzu Staromiejskim w Lublinie. Autor reinterpretuje ustalenia wcześniejszych badań nad historią Lublina w świetle koncepcji Maxa Webera o zachodnioeuropejskim modelu miasta komunalnego. Miasto tego typu jest charakteryzowane jako autonomiczna jednostka administracyjna, posiadająca własny samorząd gminny i system sądownictwa, jak również jako podmiot terytorialny z określonymi granicami. Autor wyróżnia trzy etapy rozwoju miejskiego w Lublinie: 1) powstanie wczesnomiejskiego osadnictwa wzdłuż dzisiejszej ulicy Grodzkiej, w sąsiedztwie kościoła św. Michała Archanioła w XIII w., 2) wprowadzenie prawa miejskiego i stworzenie nowego układu urbanistycznego przez Władysława Łokietka i Kazimierza Wielkiego, 3) gwałtowne przyspieszenie rozwoju instytucjonalnego i przestrzennego po śmierci Kazimierza.

16

Przemieszczanie się centrum Mławy w historii jej rozwoju – znaczenie centrotwórcze stacji kolejowej Mława Miasto

36%

Izabela S., Teresa W.

MAZOWSZE Studia Regionalne

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2018

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issue 24

85-104

PL

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie współczesnych problemów zagospodarowania i funkcjonowania centrum usługowego Mławy, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem historii rozwoju i przemieszczania się funkcji centrotwórczych w mieście, powiązanych z wielowiekową tradycją handlową. Pierwotne centrum, czyli lokacyjny rynek z końca XV w. pełnił główną rolę centrotwórczą do czasów II wojny światowej. Już od końca XIX w. centrum rozrastało się w kierunku zachodnim. Druga połowa XX w. to szybki rozwój miasta i powstawanie obiektów o znaczeniu centrotwórczym w zachodniej części śródmieścia. Początek XXI w. to realizacje dużych obiektów handlowych, uzupełniających dotychczasowy program centrum i wzmacniających jego układ na osi wschód-zachód. Najnowsze plany dotyczące rozwoju miasta, wykorzystujące wzrastające, miastotwórcze znaczenie stacji, przewidują budowę nowego obiektu handlu wielkopowierzchniowego w rejonie stacji Mława Miasto. Drugim, podobnym zespołem, stanie się rozbudowany obiekt handlowy funkcjonujący na północny wschód od rynku. Po realizacji staną się one wyraźnymi krańcami pasmowego centrum miejskiego. Artykuł zawiera ogólne sugestie proponowanych działań wzmacniających przede wszystkim układ powiązań pieszych oraz przestrzeni reprezentacyjnych, możliwy do wytworzenia w ramach docelowego układu centrum.

EN

The aim of this paper is to present contemporary problems of development and functioning of the Mława city center, with particular emphasis on the history of the development and relocation of city center functions related to the trade tradition. The original market-square from the end of the 15th century, was the centerpiece till the Second World War. Since the end of the 19th century, the center has grown westward. The second half of the twentieth century, it’s the rapid development of the city center in the western part of the city. The beginning of the 21st century it’s the realization of large shopping centers, complementing the existing program of the center and strengthening its layout on the east-west axis. The latest plans of the city administration are the construction of a new large-scale trade facility in the area of the Mława Miasto station, which uses the growing, urban-creating significance of this station. The second similar complex will be the retail center north-east of the market square. Once completed, they will become the distinct ends of the urban belt of the centre. This article contains general suggestions for the proposed measures to strengthen, first of all, the arrangement of pedestrian links and representative spaces that can be placed within the center.

17

Nil timide, nil tumide. About the oldest view of Strzelin and the finials of its towers

36%

Łuniewicz Z.

Architectus

|

2022

|

issue 1 (69)

PL

W artykule poddano analizie nowo odnalezioną wedutę Strzelina, zestawiając widoczne na niej budowle z informacjami zawartymi w źródłach pisanych i ikonografii. Panorama ta pochodzi z wystawionego na sprzedaż sztambucha brzeskiego duchownego Johanna Christopha Letscha (*1634, †1686). Przedstawia miasto w widoku od północy, wraz z pierścieniem fortyfikacji, zabudową i wieżami dominant architektonicznych. Pod rysunkiem umieszczono napis Nil timide, nil tumide / Bartholomeus Pilgram/ Strel. Consul Ao 1653/ 16 7-bris, który pozwala zidentyfikować autora wpisu jako Bartholomäusa Pilgrama, burmistrza Strzelina w okresie 26 XI 1642 – 11 XII 1671. Przeprowadzone postępowanie badawcze miało na celu zweryfikowanie rzetelności przekazu ikonograficznego metodami stosowanymi dla analiz materiałów ikonograficznych. Objęły one porównanie zachowanych budowli, reliktów archeologicznych oraz przekazów w źródłach pisanych i ikonografii. W toku badań udało się potwierdzić, że ukazane na widoku budowle mają kształty zgodne z danymi zawartymi w źródłach pisanych oraz zachowanymi reliktami. Zgadza się wzajemne położenie, przy pewnym zmniejszeniu odległości pomiędzy budowlami. Szczególnym walorem weduty są jedyne znane dotychczas przedstawienia hełmów wież: na kościele św. Michała, wzniesiona prawdopodobnie w 1596 r. lub nieco później, w 1619 r., oraz ponad kościołem św. Gotarda – wysoki, dwuprzezroczowy hełm z 1620 r., brakujący element XVII-wiecznej przebudowy. Wieża ratuszowa została ukazana ze wzniesionym zaledwie pięć lat wcześniej, w 1648 r., dwuprzezroczowym hełmem, znanym dotychczas jedynie z opisu. Przedstawienie zdesakralizowanego kościoła św. Krzyża, pozbawionego dachu i zwieńczenia wieży, pozwala przyjąć, że pierwotnie budowla miała nieznane dotychczas szczyty. Wieże i baszty murów miejskich narysowano wraz z krytymi ceramiką dachami z krótką kalenicą oraz attykami w stanie, jaki uzyskały podczas remontu w roku, w którym wykonano wpis. Zawarta na karcie data dzienna: 16 września 1653 r. pozwala stwierdzić, że omawiane źródło jest o 60 lat starsze od najwcześniejszej dotychczas znanej ikonografii Strzelina. Panorama przy wpisie Pilgrama, pomimo pewnej schematyczności, pozwala rozszerzyć wiedzę na temat architektury miasta, pomimo niemal całkowitego zniszczenia istotnej części jego zabudowy.

EN

The article analyzes the newly discovered veduta of Strzelin and compares the buildings visible in it with the information contained in written sources and iconography. This panorama comes from the friendship book of Brzeg clergyman Johann Christoph Letsch (* 1634, † 1686). It presents the town from the north along with a ring of fortifications, buildings and towers of architectural dominants. Below the drawing there is the inscription Nil timide, nil tumide/Bartholomeus Pilgram/Strel. Consul Ao 1653/16 7-bris, which makes it possible to identify the author of the entry as Bartholomäus Pilgram, the mayor of Strzelin in the period of November 26, 1642 – December 11, 1671. The research procedure was aimed at verifying the reliability of the iconographic message with the methods used for the analysis of iconographic materials. They included a comparison of preserved buildings, archaeological relics as well as messages in written sources and iconography. In the course of the research, it was possible to confirm that the buildings shown in the view had shapes consistent with the data contained in written sources and the preserved relics. The relative location is correct, but with some reduction in the distance between the buildings. A unique value of the veduta are the only known representations of the towers’ copulas, i.e., on St. Michael’s Church, which was probably erected in 1596 or slightly later, and above St. Gotthard’s Church – a high, two-open-work dome from 1620, a missing element of the 17th-century remodeling. The town hall tower was presented with a two-open-work copula which was erected only five years earlier, in 1648, and was previously known from descriptions only. The depiction of de-sacralized St. Cross’ Church, which was devoid of the roof and the crowning of the tower, allows us to assume that originally the building had hitherto unknown gables. The towers and fortified towers of the town walls were drawn along with ceramic covered roofs with a short ridge and attics in the condition they obtained during the remodeling carried out in the same year as the entry was made. The date on the card, i.e. September 16, 1653, allows us to make the conclusion that the discussed source is 60 years older than the earliest known iconography of Strzelin. The panorama at Pilgram’s entry, despite a certain schematic character, allows us to expand the knowledge of the town’s architecture, in spite of almost complete destruction of a significant part of its building development.

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Nil timide, nil tumide. About the oldest view of Strzelin and the finials of its towers