Search results

1

The Instruments of Urban Logistics and Mobility Management of Population

100%

Kauf S.

Logistics and Transport

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2010

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vol. 10

99-104

EN

This article aims to present the instruments of the city logistics that allow the mobility of the residents. Among them those that enable the coordination of the entire chain of movements, like Bike & Ride or Park & Ride. Car sharing and city transport agencies are mentioned.

2

The Egnatia Motorway and The Changes in Interregional Trade in Greece: An Ex Ante Assessment

100%

Polyzos S., Department of Planning and Regional Development S. o. E.

European Spatial Research and Policy

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2009

|

vol. 16

|

issue 2

EN

The Egnatia Motorway, located in the northern part of Greece, constitutes one of the most important, as well as ambitious, projects of the Trans-European Transport Networks programme (TETN) funded by the European Commission. It is expected to greatly influence the spatial economic relationships of several regions across the country. The motorway crosses all administrative regions of Northern Greece, and the expectations currently sustained by the public as regards its contribution to regional development are exceptionally great. As numerous empirical studies have already shown, the most important changes in regional economy induced by interregional transportation infrastructure are associated with trade flows between different regions. This paper analyses the major determinants of interregional trade in Greece and estimates the changes in interregional trade flows which the construction of the Egnatia Motorway is capable of generating.

3

Importance of TEN-T Corridors in the Development of Infrastructure Example of Visegrad Group Countries

100%

Khúlová L., Šprochová L.

Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia

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2016

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vol. 9

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issue 33

49-57

EN

Transport is one of key factors of the development of each modern society. It is one of the most important areas that governments all around the world should address when developing national policy. The objective of the article is to define the importance of Trans-European Network - Transport (TEN-T) corridors in the development of infrastructure connections between groups of countries known as Visegrad group. TEN-T core network represents a trans-European transport system and includes the priority area of transport infrastructure. Individual Member States are obliged to complete the TEN-T core on its territory not later than 31.12.2030. The Visegrad group countries as neighbourhood countries presents perspective platform for cooperation in infrastructure development.

4

Gipsowe zaprawy murarskie w początkach państwa polskiego

88%

Skoczylas J.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

|

2014

|

issue 55

171-178

PL

The text brings attention to the role and significance of examination of rock material in the first stone buildings from the beginning of the Polish state, primarily in Poznań, Ostrów Lednicki, Gniezno, Giecz and Łekno. The most part of the text is devoted to gypsum, which, after a technological processing, was used as mortar. The natural bassets of gypsum and its waterless variety, i.e., anhydrite, can be found in the village of Wapno near Wągrowiec. It was in Wapno where this raw material was exploited and transported to construction sites. Still open remains the question of the way of transportation of this raw material from the village of Wapno to Poznań, Ostrów Lednicki, Gniezno, Giecz and Łekno.

5

Galician automobilism

88%

Gaweł R.

Galicja. Studia i materiały

|

2020

|

issue 6

348-372

EN

In Galicia automobilism developed despite local motorisation since there was access to the achievements of other countries of the Monarchy (Czechia, Upper Austria). Due to the lack of home production, in Galicia the development of automobilism proceeded more slowly and less dynamically. Rides by individual cars were available only for the affluent, which is why they were called “a lordly pastime”. The most recent research shows that in Galicia transportation based on motor omnibus lines became common as it developed in a surprisingly rapid manner. Individual automobilists took part in “automobile trips” (see amateur rallies) organised by Galician automobilists’ associations. Their last journey was the departure to the frontlines of WWI. Those who managed to overcome the hardship of this “trip” returned as the pioneers of Polish automobilism.

PL

W Galicji automobilizm rozwijał się przy braku rodzimej motoryzacji, aczkolwiek istniał dostęp do osiągnięć innych krajów koronnych (Czech, Austrii Górnej). Z powodu braku rodzimej produkcji w Galicji rozwój automobilizmu przebiegał wolniej i mniej dynamicznie. Podróże indywidualnymi samochodami pozostawały domeną najbogatszych, stąd zwano je „pańską rozrywką”. Najnowsze badania pokazują, że w Galicji upowszechniała się komunikacja wykorzystująca linie omnibusów motorowych, a jej rozwój był zaskakująco dynamiczny. Indywidualni automobiliści uczestniczyli też w „wycieczkach automobilowych” (por. rajdy amatorskie) organizowanych przez galicyjskie stowarzyszenia automobilistów. Ostatnią podróżą, w jaką wyruszyli z Galicji, był wyjazd na fronty I wojny światowej. Ci, którym udało się pokonać trud, z tej „wycieczki” wracali już jako pionierzy automobilizmu polskiego.

6

Neutrosophic compromise programming approach for multiobjective nonlinear transportation problem with supply and demand following the exponential distribution

88%

ADHAMI A. Y., FAIZAN M., M A.

Operations Research and Decisions

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2022

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vol. 32

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issue 3

1-15

EN

Decision-making is a tedious and complex process. In the present competitive scenario, any incorrect decision may excessively harm an organization. Therefore, the parameters involved in the decision-making process should be looked into carefully as they may not always be of a deterministic nature. In the present study, a multiobjective nonlinear transportation problem is formulated, wherein the parameters involved in the objective functions are assumed to be fuzzy and both supply and demand are stochastic. Supply and demand are assumed to follow the exponential distribution. After converting the problem into an equivalent deterministic form, the multiobjective problem is solved using a neutrosophic compromise programming approach. A comparative study indicates that the proposed approach provides the best compromise solution, which is significantly better than the one obtained using the fuzzy programming approach.

7

Tradiční doprava materiálu na krosnách v Krkonoších

88%

Smrčka A.

Národopisný věstník

|

2012

|

vol. 29_(71)

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issue 1

71-82

EN

This text deals with the traditional methods of carrying materials on frame packs in Krkonoše. Like sleighs or wagons, frame packs were a traditional means of transport, used mainly in the mountains or rugged and hilly regions. Three different types of frame packs were used in Krkonoše. Frame packs with a shelf were the most common type: they featured atypical shelf onto which the load was placed. Frame packs with a board featured a simple wooden board as the main structural element. The latter type was equipped with straps used to affix the load. It was used by professional porters who often carried 100+ kilogram loads. The third type, known as the bench frame pack, was mostly used for transporting hay. The tough work of a porter was commonly passed from generation to generation. Porters worked in all seasons and under any and all weather conditions.

8

Post-covid-19 Supply Chains: Challenges and Prospects

88%

Kopishynska K., Umaieva D.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Zarządzanie

|

2022

|

issue 45

38-47

EN

The article examines the impact of COVID-19 on supply chains – the problems caused by the pandemic and the prospects that it opened up for further business development. The emergence and spread of COVID-19, as well as the quarantine measures became a significant challenge for the global economy. Despite the negative impact of the pandemic, it also opened up a number of opportunities for the development of companies and improvement of the existing drawbacks in their logistics activities. The aim of the study is to analyze supply chain disruptions, identify the main reasons for and consequences of these changes as well as propose directions for the future development of supply chains in the post-COVID-19 period. Overcoming the current crisis is an unprecedented challenge for the management team of all logistics players. The COVID-19 pandemic could be the starting point for global changes in the construction of supply chain systems, taking into account current trends such as digitalization, flexibility, localization, new types of delivery, etc

9

Wykluczenie transportowe i systemowe sposoby jego przezwyciężania

88%

Hoff W., Izdebski J.

Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

|

2022

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vol. 32

|

issue 1

23-40

EN

This article aims to identify the instances of transport-related social exclusion in local communities and seeks solutions, to include domestic and foreign concepts. It claims that the inhabitants of local communities have the right to inclusion and explores the ways of achieving it. It considers the need to provide a local regulatory body created by local governments to oversee and coordinate the efforts to grant an equal access to transportation. It also explores the already existing regulatory features at the local level. It is recommended to free the entrepreneurial potential so far restricted by lawmakers convinced that the only solution is to support traditional forms of transportation based established routs and timetables as well as public aid. Without prejudice to such organizational forms, more individualized approached is needed, achievable within the new model of dispersed economy, more commonly known as shared economy. The transportation policy also needs to be more open to new technologies applicable in transportation such as drones and autonomous vehicles.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie przypadków wykluczenia społecznego związanego z transportem zbiorowym w społecznościach lokalnych oraz poszukiwanie rozwiązań w tym zakresie uwzględniających koncepcje krajowe i zagraniczne. Mieszkańcy społeczności lokalnych mają prawo do pełnego uczestnictwa w życiu społeczeństwa. W ramach tego uczestnictwa podstawowe znaczenie mają dostęp do dóbr i usług, w tym w szczególności środków transportu. Opracowanie analizuje potrzebę zapewnienia lokalnego organu regulacyjnego w celu nadzorowania i koordynowania starań o równy dostęp do transportu. Bada również już istniejące rozwiązania regulacyjne na poziomie lokalnym. W ramach analizowanej problematyki należy rozważyć uwolnienie przedsiębiorczego potencjału dotychczas ograniczonego przez ustawodawcę przekonanego, że jedynym rozwiązaniem jest wspieranie tradycyjnych form transportu w oparciu o ustalone trasy i rozkłady jazdy oraz pomoc publiczną. Bez uszczerbku dla takich form organizacyjnych, potrzebne jest bardziej zindywidualizowane podejście, osiągalne w nowym modelu gospodarki rozproszonej, powszechnie znanej jako gospodarka współdzielona. Polityka transportowa powinna być również bardziej otwarta na nowe technologie mające zastosowanie w transporcie.

10

Locomotive Remanufacturing to Support Sustainable Development: Lessons Learned from Indonesia

75%

Priyono A.

Management of Sustainable Development

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2016

|

vol. 8

|

issue 1

23-27

EN

This paper analyses the contribution made by the locomotive remanufacturing to supporting sustainable development. A case study approach is used to analyse the practice of remanufacturing in the centre of locomotive maintenance, repair and overhaul situated in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The practice of locomotive remanufacturing contributes to economic development in at least three ways: economically, socially and ecologically. The challenges of locomotive remanufacturing are also presented. This paper offers originality and contributes to knowledge in the sense that it is the first time that locomotive remanufacturing has been analysed from a macro perspective. Future research recommendations are presented at the end of the paper.

11

Transport – an Instrument for Globalization

75%

Witte H.

Logistics and Transport

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2019

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vol. 43

81-86

EN

Transport is generally an instrument for globalization. It is not possible to use transport as an instrument for de-globalization. For compensating the negative effects of globalization on regional and local markets, a world-wide sustainable development process is to be started. This is an idea propagated by United Nations since the publishing of the Brundtland-Report. Sustainability has three components: the social, the ecological and the economic sustainability. Economic sustainability is realized when the (transport) enterprises make no profits and setting the prices is following a price-wage-rule. This rule postulates that the price and wage have to be equal. However, transport can also set incentives for social and ecological sustainability. Transport is no instrument for de-globalization, but an important instrument for compensating the negative effects of globalization. The measures which transport policy has to realize sustainability are not new, but we need to a new world-wide concept for transport policy. We have to accept, that the world is one economic area and not more than two hundred areas. We need only one set of economic rules and not over hundred different sets of rules.

12

Are catastrophe bonds effective financial instruments in the transport and infrastructure industries? Evidence from international financial markets

75%

Puzzutilo F., Venezia E.

Business and Economic Horizons

|

2018

|

vol. Volume 14

|

issue Issue 2

256-267

EN

We analyse the effectiveness of catastrophe bonds for the financial management of catastrophic risk in the transport and infrastructure industries. We illustrate how these financial instruments are becoming a valuable tool for non-financial firms in the risk management of catastrophic events, supplementing the traditional insurance/reinsurance channel, especially during times of constraints in the insurance industry. We also review cat bond issues sponsored by infrastructure and transport companies, highlighting the usefulness of these structured financial instruments in the management of the catastrophe exposure in these industries. Policy indications are finally given.

13

Impact of road traffic noise on sleep disturbances and attention disorders amongst school children living in Upper Silesian Industrial Zone, Poland

75%

Skrzypek M., Kowalska M., Czech E. M., Niewiadomska E., Zejda J. E.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2017

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vol. 30

|

issue 3

511-520

EN

Objectives Published reports suggest that some adverse health impact may be related to noise exposure, and motor vehicle traffic is considered to be the main source of environmental hazard of noise. The aim of this study has been to assess an association between occurrence of sleep and attention disorders with exposure to the noise generated by motor vehicle traffic in the case of a large group of children living in an urban environment. Material and Methods The data was obtained using a cross sectional study design in Bytom (Silesia, Poland) from 2003–2007 for a selected group of 7–14 year olds (N = 5136). The geographic information system was used for assessing the exposure to noise generated by the motor vehicle traffic. The association between occurrences of sleep disturbances or attention disorders and exposure to the traffic noise was examined by means of multivariable logistic regression. Results Sleep disturbances and attention disorders were found to be statistically significantly associated with exposure to the traffic noise. The multivariable logistic regression results suggest that sleep disturbances and attention disorders were more likely to occur in the case of children living in the area with higher traffic density, the odds ratio (OR) = 1.44 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05–1.97) and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.03–1.86), respectively. Conclusions The results of the study have confirmed that the exposure to the traffic noise could be a significant risk factor for sleep disturbances and attention disorders among children. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(3):511–520

14

Authors’ response (July 6, 2017) to the letter to the Editor concerning the paper “Impact of road traffic noise on sleep disturbances and attention disorders amongst school children living in Upper Silesian Industrial Zone, Poland”

75%

Skrzypek M., Kowalska M., Czech E. M., Niewiadomska E., Zejda J. E.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2017

|

vol. 31

|

issue 1

127-127

15

Respiratory health problems in adolescents living near main roads in the Upper Silesian industrial zone, Poland

75%

Skrzypek M., Kowalska M., Kasznia-Kocot J., Czech E. M., Niewiadomska E.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

|

2019

|

vol. 32

|

issue 4

553-567

EN

Objectives This study explores the association between self-reported exposure to traffic-related air pollution and respiratory health symptoms, as well as lung functions and skin prick tests in adolescents living in the vicinity of main roads. Material and Methods The data in the study were acquired using a cross-sectional study conducted between 2004–2005 in Chorzów (Silesia, Poland) among adolescents (N = 936) aged 13–15 years, attending junior high schools. Adverse respiratory health symptoms and exposure to traffic-related air pollution were determined on the basis of a questionnaire. Moreover, all children underwent spirometry and skin prick tests. Multivariable logistic regression with multiple imputation for missing data was used to assess the prevalence of adverse respiratory symptoms in relation to self-reported exposure to traffic-related air pollution, adjusted for socioeconomic and environmental factors. Results Among respiratory tract diseases, asthma and allergic rhinitis associations were statistically significant (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.12–4.15 and OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.08–2.64, respectively). Likewise, among respiratory disorders, statistically significant associations were found in the case of wheezes and dyspnea attack (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.10–2.26 and OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.56–3.66, respectively), with respect to the vicinity of the main road. Living in the area with high traffic intensity was statistically significantly associated with a higher prevalence of asthma and wheezes (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.22–4.39 and 1.48, 95% CI: 1.09–2.01, respectively). The results obtained did not confirm the relationship between the adopted way of exposure to traffic-related air pollution and lung function indices or skin prick tests. Conclusions Results of the study suggest that children living in the area with intense traffic are more likely to develop respiratory disorders. Moreover, the vicinity of a main road as well as traffic intensity could be suitable in assessing the relationship between road transport and potential health problems among exposed inhabitants. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(4):553–67

16

Badanie zapotrzebowania na usługi kolejowego transportu pasażerskiego na przykładzie miasta Wrocławia

75%

Bujak A., Topolska K., Topolski M.

Studia Miejskie

|

2014

|

vol. 15

63-78

PL

Zakresem tematycznym było poddanie analizie możliwości wdrożenia szybkiej kolei miejskiej we Wrocławiu. Analizie poddano zarówno stronę popytową, jak i podażową rynku przewozów pasażerskich we Wrocławiu. W ramach analizy skoncentrowano się na sprawdzeniu rzeczywistych źródeł generowania ruchu pasażerskiego. Źródła te ogólnie podzielono na: sieć osadniczą, jednostki aktywności gospodarczej generujące dojazdy do pracy oraz inne jednostki o charakterze kulturalnym, oświatowym, ochrony zdrowia, handlowym itp. W wyniku dokonanej analizy przedstawiono własną koncepcję funkcjonowania kolei miejskiej. Wrocław jest miastem, które od wielu lat nie ukrywa swoich ambicji w aspirowaniu do miana metropolii europejskiej. Należy przyznać, że od zmiany ustrojowej dokonanej w 1989 r. rzeczywiście widoczny jest bardzo dynamiczny rozwój miasta. Rozwój ten ma wielopłaszczyznowy charakter i dotyczy sfery gospodarczej i kulturalno-społecznej. Po wielu latach ogromnych zaniedbań również infrastruktura transportowa jest poddawana intensywnej modernizacji.

EN

Thematic scope was to review the possibility of implementation of the urban rapid rail in Wrocław. We analyzed both the demand side and the supply side as the passenger transport market in Wrocław. The analysis focuses on the verification of actual passenger traffc generation sources. These sources generally divided into the settlement network, the units of economic activity generating commuting and other units of cultural, educational, health, shopping, etc. As a result of the analysis, presented their own concept of rail the urban. Wrocław is a city which for many years did not hide his ambition to become the aspiration of a European metropolis. It must be admitted that the political changes effected in 1989, indeed see a very dynamic development of the city. This development is multidimensional in nature and applies to both spheres of economic, cultural and social. After many years enormous transport infrastructure undergoes intense modernization.

17

Globalization, growth, and the transport industry: the case of Asia

71%

Chrzanowski I. H.

Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie

|

2017

|

vol. 43

|

issue 2

21-31

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest sektorowi transportowemu krajów azjatyckich i jego związkom z rozwojem gospodarczym. Szczególną uwagę autor zwraca na transport morski, który jest podstawową formą przewozów w handlu międzynarodowym z tego regionu. Ponadto, wysokie tempo rozwoju gospodarczego Chin, Indii oraz innych gospodarek azjatyckich sprzyja wzrostowi ich konsumpcji wewnętrznej. Wzrost zamożności społeczeństw przyczyni się z kolei do rozwoju sektora transportowego w tych krajach.

EN

The article looks at the relationship between economic development of Asia and the role transport sector has played in this development, especially the maritime transport, the main mode of transport for international trade. However, the economic expansion of China, India and other rapidly growing economies in Asia, may soon modify its course; from mostly export-driven growth to the one based on the increasing domestic consumption. Such a change of the course of economic development will impact the structure of Asian transport systems towards stronger domestic transport industries.

18

Job stress, occupational position and gender as factors differentiating workplace bullying experience

63%

Drabek M., Merecz D.

Medycyna Pracy

|

2013

|

vol. 64

|

issue 3

283-296

PL

Wstęp: Wyniki referowanych badań wpisują się w szeroki nurt dyskusji nad korelatami mobbingu. Głównym celem badań było uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy płeć pracownika, jego pozycja zawodowa w firmie oraz stresogenność środowiska pracy różnicują narażenie na mobbing pracowniczy. Materiał i metody: Badania przeprowadzono z udziałem 1313 pracowników spółki transportowej. Analizowano relacje między płcią, zajmowanym stanowiskiem oraz poziomem stresu a narażeniem na mobbing (w tym na różne rodzaje działań mobbingowych, z uwzględnieniem ich sprawców). Oceny poziomu narażenia na mobbing dokonano na podstawie wyników Kwestionariusza MDM, a oceny stresu w pracy z użyciem Kwestionariusza do Subiektywnej Oceny Pracy. Wyniki: Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że kobiety były bardziej narażone na mobbing (Z = –1,999; p < 0,05). Częściej od mężczyzn doświadczały też zachowań mobbingowych ze strony kolegów (Z = –2,712; p < 0,01), w tym działań godzących w wizerunek (Z = –2,922; p < 0,01) oraz relacje społeczne (Z = –3,004; p < 0,01). Kierownicy częściej od swoich podwładnych doświadczali mobbingu ogólnie (Z = ‑2,762; p < 0,01), mobbingu ze strony współpracowników (Z = –0,014; p < 0,05) oraz działań kolegów, które negatywnie wpływały na relacje społeczne w pracy (Z = –2,260; p < 0,05). Ponadto okazało się, że osoby bardziej zestresowane częściej doświadczały zarówno mobbingu ogólnie (Z = –8,171; p < 0,001), jak i mobbingu ze strony kolegów (Z = –7,114; p < 0,001) i szefów (Z = –6,716; p < 0,001) oraz wszystkich poszczególnych rodzajów zachowań (p < 0,001). Wnioski: Porównując otrzymane wyniki z danymi literaturowymi wydaje się, że konstelacja stwierdzanych związków i zależności odzwierciedla zarówno kontekst kulturowy, jak i specyficzną sytuację firmy oraz że trudno mówić o pewnych indywidualnych predyktorach mobbingu. Med. Pr. 2013;64(3):283–296

EN

Background: The results of our research broaden the knowledge concerning the correlates of mobbing. The study is aimed at finding out whether an employee's gender, his/her occupational position and level of occupational stress are related to bullying experience. Material and Methods: 1313 employees of a transport company participated in the study. The relationships between gender, occupational position, the level of stress and bullying were analysed. Bullying was measured by the use of the MDM Questionnaire, while work environment was assessed using the Subjective Assessment of Work Questionnaire. Results: It was found that women were generally more exposed to bullying than men (Z = –1.999; p < 0.05). Women experienced more bullying by their colleagues than men did (Z = –2.712; p < 0.01), in particular: bullying by colleagues that destroys the worker's image (Z = –2.922; p < 0.01) and bullying by colleagues that destroys social relations (Z = –3.004; p < 0.01). Individuals with managerial jobs experienced overall bullying (Z = –2.762; p < 0.01), bullying by colleagues (Z = –0.014; p < 0.05) and bullying by colleagues that destroys social relations (Z = –2.260; p < 0.05) more often than the individuals with non-management positions. The results of the study also indicated that employees with higher level of stress in comparison with less stressed co-workers reported more incidents of bullying behaviour (overall bullying – Z = –8.171; p < 0.001, bullying by colleagues – Z = –7.114; p < 0.001, bullying by supervisors – Z = –6.716; p < 0.001, all types of behaviour – p < 0.001). Conclusions: Comparing the results of our study to the previous research, it seems that the pattern of relationships between individual characteristics and bullying is rooted in the wider cultural context, the specificity of the company, its organisational culture as well as its situation. Therefore it's difficult to talk about irrefutable individual correlates of bullying at work. Med Pr 2013;64(3):283–296

19

Unijna polityka w zakresie zewnętrznych stosunków w dziedzinie lotnictwa

63%

Bujnowski M.

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny

|

2016

|

vol. 5

|

issue 2

15-31

PL

Artykuł dotyczy unijnej polityki w zakresie zewnętrznych stosunków w dziedzinie lotnictwa. Autor przedstawia jej genezę, w tym prawne i ekonomiczno-polityczne implikacje orzeczeń Europejskiego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości z dnia 5 listopada 2002 r. Omawia jej podstawowe cele, zasady i filary, na których jest oparta. Charakteryzuje jej rozwój i współpracę lotniczą UE z kluczowymi partnerami regionalnymi i światowymi oraz perspektywy jej rozwoju.

EN

The article concerns the External Aviation Policy of the EU. The Author considers the genesis and development of international policy in the air transport sector. Also covered are the role and legal, economic and political implications of judgements rendered on 5 November 2002 by the European Court of Justice, as well as three pillars on which the EU External Aviation Policy is based. The paper describes also EU’s cooperation in the aviation field with key regional and global partners and presents the perspectives and general objectives of the future external aviation policy of the EU.

20

Galician automobilism

63%

Gaweł R.

Galicja. Studia i materiały

|

2020

|

issue 6

348-372

PL

W Galicji automobilizm rozwijał się przy braku rodzimej motoryzacji, aczkolwiek istniał dostęp do osiągnięć innych krajów koronnych (Czech, Austrii Górnej). Z powodu braku rodzimej produkcji w Galicji rozwój automobilizmu przebiegał wolniej i mniej dynamicznie. Podróże indywidualnymi samochodami pozostawały domeną najbogatszych, stąd zwano je „pańską rozrywką”. Najnowsze badania pokazują, że w Galicji upowszechniała się komunikacja wykorzystująca linie omnibusów motorowych, a jej rozwój był zaskakująco dynamiczny. Indywidualni automobiliści uczestniczyli też w „wycieczkach automobilowych” (por. rajdy amatorskie) organizowanych przez galicyjskie stowarzyszenia automobilistów. Ostatnią podróżą, w jaką wyruszyli z Galicji, był wyjazd na fronty I wojny światowej. Ci, którym udało się pokonać trud, z tej „wycieczki” wracali już jako pionierzy automobilizmu polskiego.

EN

In Galicia automobilism developed despite local motorisation since there was access to the achievements of other countries of the Monarchy (Czechia, Upper Austria). Due to the lack of home production, in Galicia the development of automobilism proceeded more slowly and less dynamically. Rides by individual cars were available only for the afuent, which is why they were called “a lordly pastime”. The most recent research shows that in Galicia transportation based on motor omnibus lines became common as it developed in a surprisingly rapid manner. Individual automobilists took part in “automobile trips” (see amateur rallies) organised by Galician automobilists’ associations. Their last journey was the departure to the frontlines of WWI. Those who managed to overcome the hardship of this “trip” returned as the pioneers of Polish automobilism.

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