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EN
This paper presents an original study on the encyclical Laudato Si’ (LS) in the context of environmental problems of modern cities and contemporary landscape architecture. The Holy Father’s encyclical provides an inspiring diagnosis and description of the contemporary phenomena which draws on the achievements and findings of various fields of research. In the paper, the author formulates ten themes based on LS in the light of cities’ sustainable development and landscape architecture design. The Pope points out the interdependence between the natural environment and society. A detailed analysis shows that the overtone of the conclusions contained in the document is rather positive: there are other possible scenarios for the urban development and new standards for shaping (or, where necessary, restoring) the urban environment. The author analyses proposals of changes and practical solutions providing inspiration for social, environmental and spatial renewal of modern cities. The author analyses them in the context of contemporary achievements in landscape architecture where one of the most important prospects and future topics is urban landscape restoration.
PL
W pracy zaprezentowano własne badania nad treścią encykliki Laudato si’ (LS) z punktu widzenia problematyki środowiskowej współczesnych miast i architektury krajobrazu. Encyklika Ojca Świętego stanowi inspirującą diagnozę i opis zjawisk, czerpiącą z osiągnięć i ustaleń różnych dziedzin nauki. W pracy sformułowano dziesięć głównych pól tematycznych z Laudato si’, ważnych z punktu widzenia zrównoważonego rozwoju miast i projektów architektury krajobrazu. Głównym tematem encykliki jest współzależność pomiędzy środowiskiem przyrodniczym i społecznym. Przesłane, jakie płynie z zawartych w dokumencie analiz i wniosków, jest pozytywne: możliwe są inne scenariusze rozwoju i zasady kształtowania (a tam, gdzie to konieczne – odtwarzania) środowiska. Wskazano na propozycje zmian i praktycznych rozwiązań, inspirujących dla społecznej, ekologicznej, przestrzennej odnowy miast. Autor analizuje je na tle aktualnych tendencji w architekturze krajobrazu, której jednym z przyszłościowych kierunków jest renaturyzacja krajobrazu miejskiego.
EN
Undoubtedly linking is one of the technologies that constitute a basis of the web. Links are most commonly used for indication of the place of content in the richness of the internet. However, they can also be used for illegal actions concerning communication of works protected under copyright. Legality of linking depends on the classification whether they are communicating such work to the public in the meaning of art. 3 (1) of Directive 2001/29/WE. Court of Justice of European Union in its case law referred to the interpretation of the communication to the public and propose additional characteristics which can be useful for analysis of hyperlinks. In the most recent cases CJEU highlighted that in the era of the internet, a comprehensively harmonized EU copyright law is the key issue. There are still many problems with its interpretation. The CJEU undertook to solve this issue and proposed a new approach in the range of communication to the public, and maybe, whole copyright law – application of the new mental element. It is indicated that its use as to the hosting services could put an end to the illegal internet businesses in the range of copyrighted works. However, proposed change raises as many questions as it solves.
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