Search results

1

On the Learnability of Classes of Minimal Grammars With Respect to Some Linear Preordering Relations

100%

Dziemidowicz-Gryz B.

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

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2015

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vol. 42

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issue 1

37-48

EN

In this paper we prove the learnability of the classes of minimal grammars with respect to some linear preorderings on the set of categorial grammars. We give some examples of the linear preordering relations on the set of categorial grammars satisfying necessary conditions.

2

Wiederspiegelung der Wende im deutschen Wortschatz – am Beispiel der Personenbezeichnungen

100%

Duchliński M.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2023

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issue 23

229-244

EN

In this paper, the personal names which came into use during the period of change (Wende) in Germany were analyzed. In the theoretical part, the historical background of this period was discussed. In addition, the term Wende was explained here, as well as its origin and the values that this word conveyed. The aim of the empirical part was to determine which new personal terms emerged during or just before this period and to which semantic domains they can be assigned, what character they have and whether these words still appear in today’s usage. It was also analyzed whether any semantic changes occurred in certain words. In order to answer the research questions, a corpus-based analysis was carried out, which proved that the new personal names of the Wende refer to the place of origin, representatives of the old GDR system, mentality, political and social role, or political behaviour, cultural life and departure. It follows from the analysis that most of the studied words evoke negative connotations and are present in today’s usage, with the majority of them referring to the Wende period. Moreover, the study showed that some words changed their meaning during and after the Wende.

3

Prawo spadkowe w Polsce w latach 1918—1964 — główne postulaty badawcze.

100%

Moszyńska A.

Z Dziejów Prawa

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2014

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vol. 7(15)

243-255

EN

The aim of this article is to present the main research postulates regarding the issue of evolution of the inheritance law in Poland in the years 1918—1964. The author enumerates several fields which require, in her opinion, extended analysis, such as the Polish inheritance law remaining in force until 1947, the unification works on the Decree Law of Succession of 1946, and a discussion on the inheritance law in the drafts of the Civil Code. On the basis of the outlined areas, the author exposes and justifies further research questions. Simultaneously, the author presents the current state of research on the history of the inheritance law in the abovementioned period, referring to the principal literature, especially monographs and most influential articles, as well as archival sources.

4

Imperializm ekonomii

88%

Murak J.

Ekonomia XXI Wieku

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2014

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issue 3(3)

113-126

EN

In this paper we present the economics imperialism as an attempt to unify social sciences to the theory of economics. We show a lot of definitions of this phenomenon which are proposed in literature, but we point out that to some extent all highlight the issues of crossing of traditional boundaries of economics. Therefore, the definitions often accentuate an aggressive character of this process. In the next step, we present factors which allowed the emergence of the economics imperialism, such as the definition of economics proposed by Robbins, definitions of other social sciences and political factors. However, in the opinion of lot of researchers it was the unification of the science idea, as one of the “purest” goals of the scientific theorizing which was the most important. The influence of the last factor was reinforced also by the failure in finding of microfundaments of macroeconomics, that means internal unification of the economics. Trying to find an evidence of their advantage over heterodox schools, orthodox economists using tools, assumptions and methods which were characterisitc for them, started to analyse different non-market behaviours of people. We also distinguish two criteria of economics imperialism division. The first criterion concerns the subject of research or, in other words, a level of an analysis, so we distinguish the “into” and the “outside” economics imperialism. The aim of the “into” economics imperialism is to depart from traditional economic units and the analysis what these units are composed of and how they function, whereas the “outside” imperialism studies the phenomena of making decisions, which are not directly related to formal markets. The second criterion distinguishes the economics imperialism on the basis of methodologies. The old economics imperialism (the name of which arises from the fact that it was chronologically first, but this type of research is being continued) uses a methodology of the neoclassical economics, with the assumption of stability of preferences or effectiveness and market balance. Thus all areas of life are analysed as if they were markets. The main representative is G.S. Becker, who analyzed law this way. On the other hand the new economics imperialism is related to new institutional economics and its methodological approach. Thus, different behaviours of people are treated as a response to imperfections of markets. The main advocate of this approach is B. Fine. In the last part of the work we show that despite some success of economics imperialism such as finding new correlations or explaining some behaviours, it is criticised. Most of the criticism is related to the lack of satisfying the conditions of reasonable unification of science according to which first, a new, unified theory should explain all problems, which are explained by earlier theories and, second, phenomena which are discussed by this theory should result from the impact of the same real factors on them. Thus, t

5

Globalization and Alternative Thinking: on the Need to Direct the Society Towards Responsible Co-Participation and Cooperation

76%

Cybal-Michalska A.

Studia Edukacyjne

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2018

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issue 47

33-48

PL

Contemporary world has become a global ecumene. The theory of globalization as approached by R. Robertson invokes the world conceptualization which assumes reducing the tension between the dichotomous tendencies. Unification and diversification are complementary processes, they are mutually influential and essential for the contemporary stage of development of the global society. The paradigm of globalization on the social and cultural plane is revealed in the binary scheme of extremes, such as: decontextualization and recontextualization, decomposition and recomposition, deteritorialization and re-teritorialization, transculturation and internalization. The contemporary anti-globalist movement is a reflection of ideological opposition. The criticism of globalization remains in close connection to an increasingly lively discussion regarding alternatives to globalization. Specificity of the quality of global cultural ecumene reveals the need to shape and improve the orientation towards responsible participation and cooperation in the changing and co-dependent global society.

6

The Second Death of Concept Albums World-Building and Unification Strategies in the Age of Streaming

75%

Merlini M.

Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology

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2021

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issue 21

57-73

EN

As the end of the album format is apparently drawing near due to the radical change in music consumption habits motivated by streaming services, artists and genres interested in creating musical works with meanings broader than those of single songs find themselves in a situation worth analysing. Despite all appearances and expectations, I argue that nowadays artists willing to create narrative, thematic or generally conceptual contexts for their songs are living in a potential second golden age of concept albums. Some attempts at keeping the (concept) album alive are more alike to an act of resistance, others creatively take advantage of the same means of communication used by their digital enemy, in order to create something unique and capable of taking the place of the supposedly doomed CD/lP format. They are often transmedial works, thus requiring an interdisciplinary analysis. In this paper, I offer an overview of the contemporary situation of the album format (and concept album more specifically) and finally propose a classification of four forms of contemporary musical world-building strategies, starting from a selection of emblematic case studies.

7

Kultura wobec praksis w ujęciu antropologicznym

75%

Saja K.

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja

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2015

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vol. 8

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issue 2

59-72

PL

The contemporary anthropology seems to be extremely superficial. Anthropologists do not pay attention to how the studied artifacts arise in the human mind. They tend to watch communities associate with these artifacts, analyze customs, religion, inventions, and other artifacts, but it is not sufficient to achieve the effect of objectivity. Cultural relativism is chosen as a tool to deal with them. It seems that the starting point for a complete rejection of ethnocentrism is the distinction b e tween the cultural sphere praxis and fitness. In turn, in order to achieve the cultural unification one should pay c lose attention to the so-called first principles. The aim of this article is to prove the existence of the first principles as indicators of how do they work in culture. Rules are independent of space and time, and, moreover, they are based in our culture and how we perceive the world around us. We may observe that these rules have existed in human culture from its beginning due to the fact that it was based on them.

8

Pomorze w roku 1920 w perspektywie integracji z Rzeczpospolitą

75%

Olstowski P.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2021

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vol. 86

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issue 2

5-32

EN

In January and February 1920 the Polish Army and civil administration annexed the greater part of the Vistula Pomerania to the Republic of Poland, which had been granted to it by the decision of the Paris Peace Conference of 28 June 1919. The centenary of the return of Pomerania to Poland, celebrated in 2020, becomes an impulse for the reflections on the events that took place during the first year that Pomerania belonged to Poland, and their significance for the integration of this region and its society into the Republic of Poland. With a review of historical research and analysis of published and archival sources as a starting point, the article provides a comprehensive account of the problems related to the incorporation of Pomerania into the Polish statehood in 1920, which affected the Polish, Kashubian and German populations in different ways. They were mainly associated with the frail Polish administration established from scratch, the lawlessness brought about by undisciplined military units stationed in Pomerania, as well as the policy of the state authorities aimed at the economic unification of this region with Poland. These phenomena were accompanied by changes in nationality structure and economic ownership, which resulted from the departure of the majority of German population to the Reich, and the war with Soviet Russia. The negative experiences during the first year of unification with Poland were largely unavoidable. However, their long-term consequences, the most serious of which was an increase in the sense of separate and distinctive regional identity among the inhabitants of Pomerania, had an inhibiting effect on the process of integrating Pomerania into the Republic of Poland during the interwar period.

9

Unification of Medical Legal Norms and Criminal Liability in the Context of Globalization of Clinical Research

75%

Karpushyna M., Veresha R.

Copernicus Political and Legal Studies

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2023

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vol. 2

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issue 2

110-118

EN

The relevance of the article is attributed to the swift evolution of the social and state system. With the advancement of the political, economic, and social dimensions of existence, there is a growing need to consider public opinion and enhance public legal awareness in the medical domain. The purpose of the study is to apply correlation analysis in comparing legal sciences and medical sciences, combining them, and subsequently utilizing applied legal dialectics within the realm of medical law knowledge. To achieve this goal, dialectical and logical methods, as well as general scientific methods such as observation and generalization, were employed. Globalization processes are supranational in nature, and under conditions of driving factors are subject to constant development. The medical field is not an exception and is influenced by other sciences, including legal doctrine, informatics, and economics. Clinical research in the medical field is subject to international influence and development, unification and legal regulation. Internationalization processes are making innovative adjustments to the development of medical science, introducing advancements such as artificial intelligence, personalized medicine, predictive medicine, preventive medicine, participatory medicine, and precision medicine. Consequently, personalized patient data is designated as sensitive and necessitates additional legal regulation. Additional attention is paid to the issue of criminal liability of medical workers as special subjects of professional activity. The results of research are reflected in the established search routes of the possibility of improving legal awareness of medical personnel in the context of practical professional activity. Such practical ways can serve as: the creation of informative material of legal content, adapted to the understanding of persons who are not specialists in the field of law, instead, they are professionals of high intellectual level of medical services. The practical importance of the results of creating information and legal content of the medical industry can be reflected in the results of advanced training by medical personnel, in addition, in the elements of self-education of doctors – researchers, private doctors – specialists, etc. Analytical study of the statistical informative material of the medical industry is reflected in legislative and normative legal acts, taken into account in the case law of the national level, taking into account the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights.

10

Norma a normálne : Canguilhem a Kantovo rozlíšenie školských a svetských pojmov

75%

Vydra A.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2018

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vol. 66

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issue 2

271-283

EN

This article aims to compare the concepts of a norm and the normal in the work of Georges Canguilhem with the duality of scholarly (Schulbegriff) and worldly concepts (Weltbegriff) in the work of Immanuel Kant, against the background of the problematic of sociality and the creation of social structures. Kant’s distinction describes two ways in which philosophical thinking proceeds: either there is a logical, even mechanical or slavish, application of pre-given rules, or thinking is free of such rules and does itself lead to the legislation and determination of new, more effective rules for the attainment of the finite goal of human and social life, which is the general good. Canguilhem, in a similar spirit, proposes that we distinguish between the unification or standardisation of norms which bear on an individual from without, and the creation of individual norms which sometimes depart from the established norms and standards.

DE

Der vorliegende Text befasst sich mit dem Vergleich der Konzepte der Norm und des Normalen bei George Canguilhem mit dem Begriffspaar Schulbegriff/Weltbegriff bei Immanuel Kant vor dem Hintergrund der Problematik der Sozialität und der Bildung gesellschaftlicher Strukturen. Kants Unterscheidung beschreibt zwei philosophische Denkrichtungen: entweder die logische, gar mechanische bis sklavische Anwendung vorgegebener Regeln, oder die Freiheit von diesen Regeln und die eigenständige Entwicklung hin zur Gesetzgebung und zur Bestimmung neuer, effektiver Regeln zur Erreichung des eigentlichen Ziels des menschlichen und gesellschaftlichen Lebens, nämlich des allgemein Guten. Canguilhem schlägt in ähnlichem Geiste eine Unterscheidung zwischen Vereinheitlichung bzw. Standardisierung von Normen vor, die dem Einzelnen von außen vorgegeben werden, und der Bildung individueller Normen, die nicht selten Übertretungen bereist eingeführter Normen sind.

11

Literatura w kręgu unijnych zbliżeń. W 450. rocznicę Unii Lubelskiej

71%

Stanisz M., Trościński G.

Tematy i Konteksty

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2019

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vol. 14

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issue 9

17-34

EN

The paper is an introduction to the discussion devoted to literary evidence of “unification initiatives” (unions, alliances, international agreements and other unification projects) as witnessed in the history of Europe over many centuries. Artistic writings have long presented the dialogue between union partners, taking place both in public (international or national) as well as private space. Among these phenomena, particularly noteworthy are unification visions, cultural osmosis, evidence of individual participation in unification processes, acts of building the collective awareness, ways of interpreting both shared and alien cultural or religious symbols, literary expressions of the relations between “I” and “You”, strategies used in constructing the linguistic image of the shared world and alien worlds. The paper attempts to systematize specific issues related to these problems and is an introduction to the discussion carried out in the latest issue of „Tematy i Konteksty”.

12

Unifikacja i dywersyfikacja życia kulturowego

63%

Lenkiewicz T.

Cywilizacja i Polityka

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2015

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vol. 13

71-78

EN

Nowadays, one can observe signs of world’s unification and, at the same time, its diversification. These interdependences relate primarily to the economic, social, political and cultural spheres. It is assumed that in the postwar period, Western civilization has shifted from the industrial to the post-industrial phase, which is called information, consumer or a business civilization. There are many factors and phenomena that imply the unification and diversification of cultural life in modern conditions, closely related to uniformity and standardization. The most important of these are: scientific and technological progress and development, legal solutions and media. The modern socio-political and economic image of Europe reveals a characteristic discrepancy between declarations and reality visible especially in the creation and functioning processes of the European Union. The process of unification and disintegration of Europe raises issues such as: a crisis of values, of humanism, depreciation of moral principles.

13

Ujednolicenie unijnej ordynacji wyborczej – mrzonka czy realny projekt na przyszłość?

63%

Pacześniak A.

Studia Wyborcze

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2017

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vol. 23

7-23

PL

Parlament Europejski jest jedyną instytucją systemu politycznego Unii Europejskiej, której skład wybierany jest bezpośrednio przez wszystkich dorosłych obywateli państw członkowskich. Od czterech dekad nie udało się wypracować jednolitego systemu wyborczego, a wybory do PE organizowane są od samego początku, czyli od 1979 roku, na podstawie ordynacji narodowych. Przedmiotem analizy są wysuwane propozycje reform systemu wyborczego Unii Europejskiej, wychodząc od przedstawienia modelowych rozwiązań systemów wyborczych stosowanych w demokracjach sfragmentaryzowanych. Wskazane są różnice w obecnie obowiązujących krajowych ordynacjach wyborczych do PE oraz przeanalizowane trudności w zakresie ujednolicania unijnego systemu wyborczego.

EN

The European Parliament is the only institution of European Union’ political system, which is elected directly by the adult citizens of the Member States. After four decades from the first direct elections (1979) the EP elections are organized on the basis of national law. The article examines proposals of the EU electoral system’ reforms starting from the analysis of the model solutions used in fragmented democracies. Author indicated differences in the current national EP’ electoral laws and examined difficulties of the convergence and harmonization of the EU voting system.

14

Projekt rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie Wspólnego Europejskiego Prawa Sprzedaży

63%

Wolski D.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2012

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vol. 21

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issue 3

809-827

EN

On 11th of October 2011 the European Commission (EC) announced draft of the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Common European Sales Law (Regulation). This is a result of works on harmonization of European private law, especially contract law, lasting for a long time. Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), Green Paper from the Commission on policy options for progress towards a European Contracts Law for Consumers and Businesses and drawn up by the Expert Group Feasibility Study (last version dated on 19th of August 2011) are considered as the main stages in the harmonization of European contract law process. Finally, the European Commission decided to limit the scope of draft of the Regulation presented last year to B2C and certain B2B cross-border transactions within the European Union. This means that the scope of current EC proposal significantly differs in particularly from DCFR , which encompassed not only almost all contract law relations, but also non-contractual liability. Consequently, such a ‘narrow’ scope of the EC proposal as well as its binding force may rise some doubts. Nevertheless, there are also more concerns against the background of draft of the Regulation. First of all, the legal basis of the proposed Regulation can rise significant objections. To this extend EC indicated art. 114 the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which is deemed as a basis of all actions undertaken within the scope of harmonization of EU law. On the other hand, art. 114 of TFEU is considered only as a basis of harmonization leading to internal market establishing and development. At this moment first doubt as regards to discussed EC proposal can be faced. Equally important concerns can rise on the basis of proportionality and subsidiarity principles. Against the background of consistency EC proposal with these two main principles of EU law a few important doubts can be seen. Unfortunately, the justification of EC accompanying the announcement of draft of the Regulation does not dispel mentioned concerns. All features mentioned above result the need of re-analyzing EC proposal, in particular from the perspective of treaty basis and main principles of EU law. Moreover, in the line of proposed Regulation, its rules should be interpreted autonomously and without any recourses to legal systems of member states. This causes another concerns, because it is difficult to imagine, especially by such narrow scope of applicability, that EC project can by use independently. Even more, this interpretation and applicability rules will be lead to many conflicts with the law of member states. Since the project is still in consultation phase, issues mentioned above are worth to re-thinking which will be served the avoidance of serious problems when the EC proposal will come into force.

15

Romania and the Great War: Political, Territorial, Economic and Social Consequences

63%

Radu Sorin R.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

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2018

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issue 31

138-167

PL

W artykule przedstawiono syntetyczny obraz najważniejszych, społecznych ekonomicznych i politycznych konsekwencji I wojny światowej dla Rumunii. Mimo atmosfery sprzyjającej przystąpieniu do wojny Rumunia weszła do wielkiego konfliktu nieprzygotowana militarnie, z gospodarczą infrastrukturą niezdolną do poniesienia trudów wojny, polegając jedynie na obietnicach pomocy ze strony Francji i Wielkiej Brytanii. Pod koniec wielkiej wojny Rumunia znacznie zwiększyła swoje terytorium dzięki przyłączeniu prowincji Besarabii, Bukowiny i Siedmiogrodu. Zrealizowano tym samym narodowy projekt „Wielkiej Rumunii”. Nowe granice państwa zostały zaakceptowane podczas konferencji pokojowej w Paryżu. Wielkie Zjednoczenie połączyło w ramach jednego państwa zróżnicowaną ludność, o różnym poziomie edukacji, statusie społecznym i mentalności. Mniejszości etniczne stanowiły około 30 proc. społeczeństwa, a zróżnicowanie religijne stało się nową codziennością w kraju, który był dotychczas w przeważającej części prawosławny. W latach powojennych największym wyzwaniem dla państwa i polityków stała się integracja nowych prowincji pod względem ustawodawczym, instytucjonalnym, administracyjnym, kulturowym i ekonomicznym. Proces ten był długotrwały i towarzyszyły mu dyskusje wśród polityków i elit kulturalnych Starego Królestwa oraz przyłączanych prowincji. Kolejną ważną konsekwencją wojny było przeprowadzenie reform: agrarnej i wyborczej. Podział majątków w sposób zasadniczy zmienił status społeczny chłopów, którzy dzięki powszechnym prawom wyborczym z wasali przekształcili się w obywateli. Nowa polityka oświatowa państwa położyła szczególny nacisk na latynizację i kształtowanie „obywateli Wielkiej Rumunii”, jednocześnie umożliwiając chłopom dostęp do edukacji. W Rumunii, podobnie jak w innych państwach, niezwykle trudno jest ocenić ekonomiczne konsekwencje I wojny światowej. Sytuacja jest tu tym bardziej skomplikowana, że Wielkie Zjednoczenie połączyło Stare Królestwo z prowincjami, które poprzednio rozwijały się pod wpływem różnych systemów ekonomicznych. Wiadomo więc, że zniszczeniom oraz stratom w ludziach towarzyszyły restrukturyzacja i transformacja spowodowane przyłączeniem do rumuńskiego państwa unitarnego nowych prowincji. W tym czasie również kształtowały się i rozwijały nowe prądy ideologiczne (neoliberalizm i doktryna chłopska), które determinowały politykę ekonomiczną oraz strategię rozwoju.

16

Wbić klin między Warszawę i Mińsk. Jak w Moskwie „wymyślono” antypolskie święto dla Białorusi

63%

Melnikau I.

Biuletyn Historii Pogranicza

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2022

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issue 22

44-59

EN

The article discusses how Russian propaganda and pro-Russian forces in Belarus have promoted the implementation of official holiday on September, 17 since 2014. In the post-war period, starting from the 1950s, the Soviet authorities in the BSSR did not pay much attention to this date. In independent Belarus, the memory of these events was present in the scientific circulation, and the state was aware of their ambiguity. After the annexation of Crimea to Russia in 2014 and the start of the war in Donbas, the Kremlin actively launched an ideological offensive towards Belarus. In this process, an important role was played by the liquidation of Minsk's cooperation with Europe, and in particular with Poland. Historical and cultural ties were an effective tool for this cooperation.

PL

Artykuł omawia sposób, w jaki rosyjska propaganda i siły prorosyjskie na Białorusi od 2014 r. promowały wprowadzenie oficjalnego święta 17 września. W okresie powojennym, począwszy od lat 50., w BSRR władze radzieckie nie poświęcały tej dacie znaczącej uwagi. W niepodległej Białorusi pamięć o tych wydarzeniach była obecna w obiegu naukowym, a państwo zdawało sobie sprawę z ich niejednoznaczności. Po przyłączeniu Krymu do Rosji w 2014 r. i rozpoczęciu wojny w Donbasie Kreml aktywnie podjął ideologiczną ofensywę w kierunku białoruskim. W procesie tym ważną rolę odgrywała likwidacja współpracy Mińska z Europą, a w szczególności z Polską. Skutecznym narzędziem tej współpracy były więzi historyczno-kulturowe.

17

Zjawisko globalizacji w świecie współczesnym

63%

Kucharczyk K., Łajca P.

Polonia Journal

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2017

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issue 5-6

115-140

EN

The word globalization is nowadays a commonly accepted and used term. However, it is not easy to determine what the term really means. The main issue, therefore, seems to be the distinction between the phenomenon of globalization and globalism. Globalization is a process that is related to the development of information technology and technical progress. Meanwhile, the term globalism is an ideology that aims to unify and subordinate economics, as well as culture and religion to the world center. In this article, the Authors will reflect on the issues related to the phenomenon of globalization by explaining the concepts and characteristics and an indicating the ideology of globalism.

18

Mały krok do połączenia i nieznana droga ku zjednoczeniu

63%

Moskałyk J.

Studia Oecumenica

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2016

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vol. 16

137-150

EN

This short outline of the situation of the division between Orthodox denominations in the Ukraine can for instance to a little extent help to understand the scale of the problem. With essential building blocks so to speak increasing the crisis and mutual opposing are both current political conditioning in the country and aspiration of individual community to uniting various criteria on the base completely. However the biggest barrier in seeking, particularly Orthodox sides for communicating of community „noncanonical”, an excessive concentration constitutes on the own role and effects of the future unification. However the hostile UCP PM attitude towards the initiative in joining separate orthodox entities and creating the Orthodox autonomy in the Ukraine is making still taking ineffective.

PL

Ten krótki zarys sytuacji podziału między prawosławnymi wyznaniami na Ukrainie może choćby w niewielkim stopniu pomóc zrozumieć skalę problemu. Istotnymi elementami składowymi niejako nasilającymi kryzys i wzajemne się przeciwstawienie są zarówno obecne uwarunkowania polityczne w kraju oraz dążenie poszczególnych wspólnot do zjednoczenia na podstawie całkiem różnych kryteriów. Jednak największą barierę w dojściu do porozumienia stron, szczególnie prawosławnych wspólnot „niekanonicznych”, stanowi zbytnia koncentracja na własnej roli i efektach przyszłego zjednoczenia. Z kolei nadmiernie zdystansowany i nieprzyjazny stosunek UCP PM wobec inicjatywy połączenia odrębnych podmiotów ortodoksyjnych oraz utworzenia autokefalii prawosławnej na Ukrainie czyni wciąż przedsięwzięcie nieskutecznym.

19

Rola wschodniego katolicyzmu w optyce zjednoczenia chrześcijańskiego

63%

Moskałyk J.

Teologia w Polsce

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2016

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vol. 10

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issue 1

33-45

EN

The historical role of the Eastern Catholicism causes still many contradictions and ambiguities. Like there is this objective reasons, which have completely different base than modern sometimes incredibly attempt to interpret the phenomenon. It must be emphasized that the main factor inspiring attention to the heritage of the Eastern Catholics in recent times is the Ecumenical dialogue in the field of Catholic-Orthodox. On the background of often to exchange views on the historical authenticity and effectiveness of a pragmatic of the Eastern Catholic. Provided here the fundamental method of action is directed on you will achieve real progress in the Catholic-Orthodox unification process, from here completely not by chance the so-called Uniate Church is surrendering to the specific judgement. This judgement assumes different shades and the different weight depending on the degree of employing pages in specific moments.

PL

Cały okres powojenny aż do przemian ustrojowo-społecznych w końcu lat osiemdziesiątych ubiegłego stulecia był bardzo złożony i na długo zdestabilizował struktury wschodniego Kościoła katolickiego we wschodniej Europie. W związku z tym katolicka wspólnota wschodnia pod wieloma względami była postrzegana jako pewna odmienność wspólnotowa wewnątrz Kościoła rzymskiego. Ta forma recepcji obowiązywała m.in. w ówczesnej Polsce, gdzie miejscowych grekokatolików utożsamiano jedynie z zjawiskiem obrządkowym.

20

International legal regulation of electronic document circulation

63%

KUSHYBEK S.

Historia i Świat

|

2021

|

vol. 10

365-374

EN

Electronic documents are a type of document that exists only in digital form. These electronic documents are the information product of the latest electronic information technologies such as Internet technologies, WWW technologies, multimedia. Electronic document circulation is known as a system of electronic document management, the relations between the participants of which are regulated by national law and other regulatory legal acts. On the basis of international legislation and legislation of foreign countries, the analysis of the essence and content of electronic document circulation is carried out, the legal relations that make up this concept are defined, the concepts and use of electronic documents and electronic signatures are studied. The unification of rules on electronic documents and their use in contractual relations are the cause of economic and legal issues. The article examines and conducts a comparative analysis of the features and effectiveness of the laws of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the directives of the European Union and the Convention laws in the emergence of electronic document management.

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International legal regulation of electronic document circulation