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The Great Depression. Informal Citizenship Education in a Usurpatory Democracy

100%
Kobylarek A., Madej M.
Journal of Education Culture and Society
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2023
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vol. 14
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issue 1
7-16
EN
Many countries have had people in power who were mower-mad and hungry for money as their representatives. In the case of Poland, there is quiet acquiescence to unethical actions by the authorities for the sake of one's own benefits, and a commonly accepted aversion to politicians (Zalec, 2022). of all kinds, which may be linked to the country's history. Those in power have become usurpers who do not care about the rules, the constitution or EU law, nor are they afraid of any punishment. Those who oppose these precedents become enemies, murderers or are accused of spreading propaganda. The country is divided into two camps - those who support the current government and those who are against it. The consequences do not only affect individuals, they are sometimes extended to entire municipalities where the current ruling party has lost the election. Ignorance or lack of civic knowledge can cause some voters to ignore the fact/not realise that their passivity is nevertheless supporting the current government. Crucial to combating this phenomenon is reliable informal citizenship education, carried out in an ongoing, emotionally charged way, appealing to the positive sides of informed citizenship and not discouraging to politics. The value of democracy should be taught. People should become open to discussing democracy, and the media should also repeat such positive messages. It is also important to remember what has happened by now.
2
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Representation as Social Relation In Praise of Georg Simmel on the Centenary of the Publication of his Essay The Stranger

100%
Waśkiewicz A.
Polish Sociological Review
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2010
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vol. 171
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issue 3
305-318
EN
This article is inspired by Georg Simmel’s formal sociology and written in his characteristic essay style. The article is about the representation relation viewed as a form of social interaction. Contrary to approaches which are dominant in the literature, the author argues that representation is a trilateral relation: the representative always represents the representee before an audience, even if this audience is not always easy to define. The same, paradoxically, can be said about the representee. In its pure forms, the object of representation may be the very presence of the representee, the representee’s will or his/her interest and mutual expectations among the three parties will vary depending on what is being represented. Many representation relations only become such relations ex post; they are initiated not in the act of authorization but in the act of usurpation which is legalized and institutionalized not only by the representee but also by the audience. For this reason, the difference between representation and usurpation is often fluid and fuzzy. The representation relation, as it is understood in this article, is one of the main forms of social interaction because thanks to this relation people who cannot appear personally in the public sphere for various reasons can nevertheless make an appearance.
3
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The Shameless Official in an Aggressive State: Educational Consequences

72%
Kobylarek A., Madej M., Máhrik T.
Journal of Education Culture and Society
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2023
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vol. 14
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issue 2
7-13
EN
Modern democracy in the Polish State, as well as respect for minorities of all kinds and women themselves, is collapsing in favour of a particularly close affiliation between the State and the Church. The separation of these two institutions is becoming negligible, if it still exists, and the state and the church have become allies of each other with any educated and/or intelligent element that does not support such a practice. The medieval practices, the stigmatisation of individual groups, patriarchy and the lack of respect for the constitution oppress societies, oppress the rights of citizens and show their place in the ranks. More and more rights are granted only to privileged groups, while others, such as women, LGBTQA+, migrants, the disabled, political opponents, or anyone else who does not support the current actions of the most influential institutions, remain ignored or muddled, vis-à-vis potential voters of the ruling party. Meanwhile, influential citizens can afford to do almost anything. At present, the lord and master decides the fate of all his subjects irrespective of how many protests and on what issues take place in the state, the utter shamelessness of the official can be observed here. Those who invoke God do not seem to believe in Him and, moreover, they act contrary to His principles. What stands out most in their actions is their total ignorance, their hatred of anyone who is against them and their lack of thought for the consequences that will come to them once they lose their power. The only hope seems to be for future voters with full civic awareness.
4
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Alegoria a interpretacja. Miłość w kontekście alegorycznych uwikłań: Mickiewicz i Szymborska

58%
Tomaszewska G. B.
Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo
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2016
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issue 6(9)
109-126
EN
In the paper, the author draws attention to the way in which the allegorical sense may increase the scope of text interpretation. She begins from the ambiguity of allegory in the modern literary studies connected with the relations between the process of analogy and identity. She then uses the role which allegory played in the transformation of the love image in the social conscience. Subsequently, in the interpretational material, the author points out the complications and the fatalistic stigma of love, both the love characterised by the  absolutism of connection (Dziady Part Four), and the love in which the bonds have disintegrated (On the Tower of Babel). As a result, the article indicates that on the one hand, the allegory has contributed to the absolutisation of love, and on the other, it unveils the fragility of love and consequently, its usurpation of durability.
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