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EN
This paper aims to open a discussion in the scientific point of view and policy making processes on sustainability of water policies. The social and environmental impact on the Agriculture sector in Southern European countries (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain) will be investigated to analyse the adoption of measures taken by decision makers on water policies. The community assets of farmers will have an important role on the implementation of different strategies concerning agriculture water management. The paper will focus on the role of farmer’s participation as central actors of implementation in water policy. Furthermore, the social and the environmental aspects will be addressed.
PL
Termin bezpieczeństwo ekologiczne jest rozmaicie definiowany w różnych dziedzinach naukowych oraz w polityce, a ponadto funkcjonuje on również w obiegu społecznym i potocznym rozumieniu. W konstytucji z 1997 roku zapisano odpowiedzialność władz publicznych za zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego. W żadnym akcie prawnym nie zawarto jednak definicji tego terminu, co skutkuje z jednej strony silnymi konstytucyjnymi podstawami, a z drugiej pewną swobodą w interpretacji zakresu tego terminu w praktyce. Celem artykułu jest analiza podejścia i zmian zachodzących w obrębie bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego w Polsce, na podstawie dokumentów strategicznych, na przykładzie zmian w gospodarce wodnej. Analiza ta poprzedzona została głębszymi rozważaniami teoretycznymi związanymi z zakresem i definicją terminu bezpieczeństwo ekologiczne.
EN
The term ‘environmental security’ is variously defined in different fields of science and policy, and in addition it has gained social circulation and popularity in everyday use. The Polish Constitution of 1997 makes public authorities responsible for ensuring environmental security. However, no legal act contains a definition of this term, which on the one hand results in a strong constitutional grounding of the concept, and on the other hand leaves a certain range of freedom in interpreting the term in practice. The purpose of this article is to analyze the approaches and the changes in the area of environmental security in Poland, based on strategic documents. The analysis is based on examples from the area of water management, and is preceded by deeper theoretical considerations related to the scope and definition of the term ‘environmental security’.
EN
The European Union (EU) is determined to find integrated solution for common problems like environmental challeges and water management. Finding solution for common challenges requires trust and cooperation from every actor involved. This is the basic principle of EU on the question of water management. Meanwhile, an effective handling of the same problem requires stong cooperation and unity in execution that is the adoption of the same goals is not enought, the administration also needs some kind of interrelation. However, the difference in competences of EU legislation on these different but strongly attached legal areas can lead to an insignificant result or just degrade the efficiency of the cooperation. The paper aims to reveal the mass lofty goals and their realisation in the view of administrative reality and future prospects in a Hungarian point of view.
EN
The European Union’s Water Framework Directive introduced a new approach to the system of water management in Europe by nominating the river basin district as the basic unit in water management. While its transboundary character aims to better manage natural resources, its design and implementation carries several challenges due to its weak integration of various bordering effects related to administrative boundaries that strongly affect the directives’ implementation. Based on a comparative document based case study of two river basin districts – the International Oder River Basin District (IORBD) and the International Torne River Basin District (ITRBD) – the paper scrutinizes the effects on the implementation processes of the directive and aims to draw attention to identify the differences that derive from various socio-spatial settings during the first cycles of water management plans from 2009 to 2015. By thematically comparing biophysical characteristics, cross-border cooperation, cultural and administrative borderingprocesses the study displays a mismatch between the directives aims for transboundary governance and the actual governance processes which are hampered by a variety of conflicting bordering processes.
EN
The article presents the content of digital thematic maps: sozological and hydrographic as well as the basic principles of their preparation. It contains selected examples of applications of these maps in the research of natural environment and water management in the Upper Silesia region and its surroundings. This area is one of the most transformed regions due to human economic activity in Europe.
EN
Between 1948 and 1989, large-scale drainage and improvement works were carried out every year in the former Czechoslovakia, which ultimately completely changed the face of the Czech Lands’ landscape. Streams, rivulets, baulks, field shrubs, dirt roads, “useless” meadows and pastures, small ponds, wetlands and swamps disappeared. In its first part, the study focusses on a brief description of the development and characteristics of land reclamation in the Czech territory from the 19th century to 1948. In its second part, it pays attention to a quite short but – from the point of view of the development of land reclamation works in the former Czechoslovakia – a very important period from 1948 to the end of the 1950s. During this time the Czech countryside experienced enormous and revolutionary property and social changes as a result of totalitarian communist policies. The private sector was, with few exceptions, liquidated, agricultural production was controlled, centralized and gradually industrialised. The way was opened for massive amelioration interventions, which became one of the symbols of the Communist regime‘s rule over the Czech and Moravian countryside, was open.
EN
The basic infrastructure related to water and sewage management is a water supply and sewage network with wastewater treatment. Length of the network has a definite influence on the development of socio-economic functions in the area. Large disparities in the level of water supply and sewage infrastructure can be seen alike in the all provinces divided into urban and rural areas. The article shows the level of water supply and sewage infrastructure in the rural districts of West Pomerania Voivodeship. For this purpose statistical data of Main and Regional Statistical Office and reports about environmental protection were used. The presented material shows that the availability of water supply and sewage infrastructure in the rural districts of West Pomerania Voivodeship is insufficient.
PL
Podstawową infrastrukturą związaną z gospodarką wodno-ściekową jest sieć wodociągowo-kanalizacyjna wraz z oczyszczalniami ścieków. Długość sieci ma niewątpliwy wpływ na rozwój funkcji społeczno-gospodarczych na danym obszarze. Duże dysproporcje w poziomie infrastruktury wodociągowo-kanalizacyjnej są widoczne zarówno w skali województw, jak i w rozbiciu na miasto i wieś. W artykule przedstawiono poziom infrastruktury wodociągowo-kanalizacyjnej w powiatach wiejskich województwa zachodniopomorskiego. Wykorzystano w tym celu dane statystyczne Głównego i Regionalnego Urzędu Statystycznego oraz raporty o ochronie środowiska. Zaprezentowany materiał świadczy o tym, że dostępność do infrastruktury wodociągowo-kanalizacyjnej w powiatach wiejskich województwa zachodniopomorskiego nie jest wystarczająca
EN
The Author, in the article, discusses proper water management problems. He presents the primary causes resulting in the degradation of water relations in the form of regular occurrences of floods or dry spells in Europe. In the article, degradation of water relation problems taking place in our country is compared to those in Germany or Austria. He points to the need for systematic teaching of basic environmental subjects within the holistic concept constituting a tool in shaping pro-ecological consciousness.
EN
The article focuses on the unquestionably most important period of construction of hydraulic infrastructures in Czechoslovakia, i.e. the 1950s. The massive construction of multi-purpose hydraulic structures, in particular dams and power plants, but also water mains, which was at that time taking place in the context of socialist industrialization, laid the foudnations of the existing national water management system. It was led by a group of water management experts, so-called hydrocrats, which had been forming up since the 1920s. These experts were advocates of ideas of a modernistic water management mission aiming to rationalize and depoliticize water managementand seeing full control of surface runoff as an essential prerequisite of the future prosperity of the state and its population. According to the author, the era of Stalinism brought ideal conditions for the fulfillment of these visions (nationalization of hydraulic structures and water resources, centralization of administration and investment activities, nature transformation ideas); at the same time, however, the traditional hydrocratic project was compromised by imperatives of productivism, which fact ultimately led to the abandonment of holistic ideas formulated in the 1949-1953 National Water Management Plan and a definite concentration on accumulation of water to satisfy needs of the industry and power engineering. Since 1956, there were pressures reacting to increasing environmental pollution levels and calling for a reassessment of the existing water management policy; as a consequence, the ideas of the water management mission were gradually corroding as well.
CS
Předkládaný článek se soustředí na klíčové období výstavby vodních infrastruktur v Československu, kterým jsou bezpochyby padesátá léta minulého století. Tehdejší masivní výstavba víceúčelových vodních děl, zejména přehradních nádrží a elektráren, ale i vodovodů, probíhající v kontextu socialistické industrializace, položila základy stávajícího státního vodohospodářského systému. V jejím čele stála skupina vodohospodářských odborníků (takzvaných hydrokratů), která se formovala již od dvacátých let. Tito experti zastávali ideály modernistické vodohospodářské mise, směřující k racionalizaci a depolitizaci hospodaření s vodou a spatřující v plném ovládnutí povrchového odtoku základní předpoklad budoucí prosperity státu i obyvatelstva. Období stalinismu podle autora přineslo ideální podmínky k naplnění těchto vizí (zestátnění vodních staveb a zdrojů, centralizace správy i investiční činnosti, ideje přeměny přírody), zároveň byl ale tradiční hydrokratický projekt kompromitován produktivistickými imperativy, což nakonec vedlo k opuštění holistických idejí vyjádřených ve Státním vodohospodářském plánu na roky 1949 až 1953 a jednoznačné soustředění na akumulaci vody pro potřeby průmyslu a energetiky. Od roku 1956 pak v reakci na rostoucí znečištění životního prostředí vznikaly tlaky směřující k přehodnocení stávající vodohospodářské politiky, což v důsledku znamenalo také postupnou korozi idejí vodohospodářské mise.
EN
The House of Orpheus at Nea Paphos in Cyprus, a multiphase residential complex excavated a few decades ago, is the subject of an on-going study within the framework of a new project. Recently, the bath suite in the north-eastern part of the house was analysed in detail and this has led to a better understanding of the baths’ layout and technology (such as the water management and heating system), features that confirm the adoption of the western/Italian model, while some of the details remained typical of the Eastern Mediterranean.
EN
We present the preliminary results of our recent find, a circular pond, and its surrounding structures, built in stone masonry of Sasanian tradition in the Dehbarm village, west Firuzabad Plain (Fars, Iran). We elaborate on this site and suggest it belongs to the Early Sasanian Ardashir-Xurra (Ardašīr-Xwarrah), the first Sasanian capital and complex urban plan of the Firuzabad plain. Based on comparable finds, we interpret Dehbarm as a garden settlement, a so-called paradise, and consider it a case study for water management and landscape manipulation of the Late Antiquity in the Greater Fars. Additionally, we ponder on the broader aspect of spring-fed ponds in the Sasanian architectural tradition. Further investigation, as well as extensive fieldwork, is planned to address this aspect.
EN
The Republic of Bulgaria has adopted the basic principles of water management policy laid down in Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament. The main focus of this policy is to meet the needs of water in the quantity and quality necessary for the needs of economic sectors and especially for the manufacture of agricultural products. The study indicates that application of the integrated water resource management is an approach that achieves not only the environmental objectives with regard to the aquatic ecosystems, but also a coordinated management of waters, land and the vital ecosystems. The condition of water management in Bulgaria was examined at a national and basin level. It was found that the river basins determined in the Water Act do not follow the administrative and territorial division of the country. The management of aquaculture systems is carried out on technological and basin principle in accordance with the terms and conditions of the permits for water use and use of water units for different economic activities.
PL
Bułgaria przyjęła podstawowe zasady polityki gospodarki wodnej określone w dyrektywie 2000/60/WE Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady. Głównym celem tej polityki jest zaspokojenie potrzeb w zakresie zaopatrzenia w wodę w ilości i jakości niezbędnej dla potrzeb sektorów gospodarczych, a zwłaszcza do produkcji rolnej. Badanie wskazuje, że zastosowanie zintegrowanej gospodarki zasobami wodnymi jest podejściem, które pozwala osiągnąć nie tylko cele środowiskowe w odniesieniu do ekosystemów wodnych, ale również skoordynowaną gospodarkę wodami, gruntami i ważnymi ekosystemami. Stan gospodarki wodnej w Bułgarii zbadano na poziomie krajowym i poszczególnych dorzeczy. Ustalono, że dorzecza określone w ustawie wodnej nie są zgodne z podziałem administracyjno-terytorialnym kraju. Gospodarka systemami akwakultury odbywa się na bazie technologii i dorzeczy zgodnie z warunkami zezwoleń dotyczących wykorzystania wody i użytkowania urządzeń wodnych dla różnych rodzajów działalności gospodarczej.
PL
Zarządzanie rozwojem stanowi współcześnie jeden z najważniejszych obszarów aktywności samorządu terytorialnego. Z punktu widzenia układu terytorialnego niezwykle istotne staje się zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa jako ważnej kategorii jakości życia. Jest to związane z problematyką wysokiej jakości przestrzeni publicznej oraz racjonalnym wykorzystywaniem jej zasobów. Szczególnego znaczenia nabiera tutaj proces zarządzania zasobami wodnymi, które winny służyć zaspokojeniu potrzeb ludności, gospodarce oraz ochronie środowiska. Wiąże się to z procesem zarządzania zasobami wodnymi, co musi być zgodne z racjonalnym kształtowaniem i wykorzystaniem zasobów wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych z uwzględnieniem ich ilości i jakości, potrzeb użytkowników i konsumentów wód oraz zależnych od wód ekosystemów.
EN
Development management is currently one of the most important areas of local government activity. From the point of view of the territorial system, it is extremely important to ensure safety as an important category of quality of life. It is related to the issue of high-quality public space and the rational use of its resources. The process of water resources management, which should serve the needs of the population, the economy and environmental protection, is of particular importance here. This is connected with the process of water resources management, which must be consistent with the rational shaping and utilization of surface and underground water resources, taking into account their quantity and quality, the needs of users and consumers of water and water-dependent ecosystems.
PL
Ththe Maya, Central America, water, water management, aguadas, chultunes, water lily, ancient civilisations e main task of this paper is to demonstrate how the ancient Maya solved the problem of collecting and storing water, which due to geological and hydrological conditions was in very short supply at a certain period. For this reason, the indigenous population developed a range of methods which enabled them to resolve the problem; for instance, they built reservoirs or utilised natural hollows to increase the capacity of water storage. This study aims to present their major hydrotechnological measures, which permitted normal functioning of a society in the very demanding climatic conditions.
EN
The paper presents a hydrological cycle that takes place in nature and addresses the concept of water resources and the methods of their measurement as well as the shortage of water resources. In the ensuing discussion, the paper assesses those conditions by the continents and regions, pointing out the difficult situation in Northern Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. Further, it presents the investigation of the correlation between the volume of GDP and the particular features of water management within the continents. The results of calculations show differences, yet there is a clear correlation between the number of population, the water consumption and other indexes of water management. The paper ends with the conclusion that there is basically no shortage of water resources within the world economy, yet there is more and more acute crisis in water supply on the regional scale due to the insufficient water supply and sewerage infrastructure, improper economic policy and environmental policy, and poverty among large groups of population.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie kwestii dotyczących poszerzenia zakresu odpłatności i podwyższenia stawek opłat za wodę oraz ocena gospodarczych i społecznych skutków tych zmian w związku z wejściem w życie nowego prawa wodnego. Przedstawiono charakterystykę i elementy systemu opłat ekologicznych związanych z gospodarką wodną. Opisano zmiany wprowadzone w tym systemie, polegające na rozszerzeniu zakresu usług wodnych objętych opłatami, ograniczeniu zwolnień z opłat i likwidacji ulg w tym zakresie oraz podniesieniu wysokości stawek opłat. Przeprowadzono analizę i ocenę konsekwencji zwiększenia stawek opłat za wodę w wybranych sektorach gospodarki, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przemysłu rozlewniczego oraz gospodarstw domowych, zaproponowano również wprowadzenie rozwiązania polegającego na obniżeniu cen wody wodociągowej w określonych gminach oraz zastosowaniu ulg dla uboższych odbiorców.
EN
This paper presents the general issue of charges and rising rates for water and an assessment of the economic and social consequences thereof following the enforcement of a new water law. The authors present the issue and the constituent parts of ecological charges related to water management. They then analyse the changes taking place within that system, which involve extending the range of charges, limitation of exemptions and liquidation of breaks as well as a dramatic increase in charges. The authors analyse and show the consequences of increasing charges for water in selected sectors of the economy, highlighting the bottling industry and individual households. They also signal the possible decreases in the charges for the use of water supply network in the selected gminas and the potential breaks in charges for the least advantaged members of the community.
EN
The new draft Act on Water Law provides for significant changes to the system for collecting environmental charges for water use. Their aim is, on the one hand, to eliminate the existing exemptions from the charges and, on the other hand, to increase their rates for those entities that already incur them. The changes to be introduced are justified by the need to ensure that the principle of recovery of the costs of water services, provided for in Article 9 of Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, is fully taken into account. Since the principle has not been extensively analysed in the Polish legal literature, the article addresses closely the directions of its interpretations presented in German science. Most of them refer to the dispute between two authors: Herwig Unnerstall and Süleyman Kolcu. In its conclusion, the provisions of the draft Act concerning this principle are assessed on a preliminary basis and the discerned legislative deficiencies are indicated.
EN
The article assesses the technical and legal correctness of the legislation of the Act of 20 July 2017 – Water Law, using the logical-linguistic method. The principles of legislative technique included in the form of an annexe to the Ordinance of the Prime Minister of 20 June 2002 on the ‘Principles of Legislative Technique’ are adopted as a point of reference. The analysis of the ways of expressing standards plays a key role both at the stage of preparing and adopting a new law, as well as during the period of its validity, as it allows various shortcomings of the adopted regulations to be revealed. The fact that the Water Law of 2017 has been in force for five years does not, therefore, make it unreasonable to undertake a comprehensive assessment from the point of view of compliance with the rules of legislative technique. In a broader perspective, such an analysis also provides research material for the formulation of theoretical and legal assumptions of the law-making process and their possible verification. The conducted research shows that in the Water Law Act of 2017 there are a few violations of the standards constituting the rules of legislative technique. Most of them do not cause any serious problems in applying the provisions, but there are also some – often overlooked in a cursory reading of the law – which deserve criticism. At issue here are violations of the consistency of the systematics, inconsistencies in the group of formulated prohibitions, which are additionally excessively rigorous in relation to the requirements of European law, dispersing issues between the main act and amending acts, and generally the phenomenon of the overproduction of legal entities, which introduces unnecessary normative noise.
PL
W artykule podjęto ocenę technicznoprawnej poprawności legislacyjnej ustawy z 20 lipca 2017 r. – Prawo wodne (t.jedn.: Dz. U. 2021, poz. 2233 ze zm.), wykorzystując metodę logiczno-językową. Za punkt odniesienia przyjęto zasady techniki prawodawczej ujęte w formie załącznika do rozporządzenia Prezesa Rady Ministrów z 20 czerwca 2002 r. w sprawie „Zasad techniki prawodawczej” (t.jedn.: Dz. U. 2016, poz. 283). Analiza sposobów wysławiania norm odgrywa kluczową rolę zarówno na etapie przygotowywania i uchwalania nowego prawa, jak i w okresie jego obowiązywania, gdyż pozwala ujawnić różne mankamenty przyjętych regulacji. Fakt, że ustawa Prawo wodne z 2017 r. obowiązuje od pięciu lat, nie pozbawia zatem zasadności podejmowanie jej całościowej oceny z punktu widzenia zgodności z zasadami techniki legislacyjnej. Potrzebę taką uzasadnia zarówno obszerność tego aktu, jak i nasycenie go nowymi rozwiązaniami ustrojowymi i materialnoprawnymi. W szerszej perspektywie analiza taka dostarcza również materiał badawczy do formułowania założeń teoretycznoprawnych procesu prawotwórstwa oraz ich ewentualnej weryfikacji. Przeprowadzone badania dowodzą, że w ustawie Prawo wodne z 2017 r. występuje stosunkowo niewiele naruszeń standardów będących treścią zasad techniki legislacyjnej. W większości nie wywołują one poważniejszych problemów w stosowaniu przepisów, ale są i takie, często niedostrzegane przy pobieżnej lekturze ustawy, które zasługują na krytykę. Chodzi o naruszanie spójności systematyki, niekonsekwencje w grupie formułowanych zakazów, które dodatkowo cechuje nadmierny rygoryzm w stosunku do wymagań prawa europejskiego, rozpraszanie zagadnień między ustawę główną i ustawy nowelizujące oraz generalnie o zjawisko nadprodukcji bytów prawnych, wprowadzające niepotrzebny szum normatywny.
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Gospodarka wodna w Singapurze

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EN
The article takes the issue of water management in Singapore in the context of the development framework of the country. Since the beginning of independence the political authorities of the country strive related to the reversal of the negative effects of local conditions in the success. Lack of water resources has become a contribution to the development of innovation. Moreover gained knowledge and experience allows to provide abroad services in the field of environmentally sustainable practices.
PL
W artykule została podjęta kwestia gospodarki wodnej w Singapurze w kontekście rozwoju kraju. Od czasu uzyskania niepodległości władze polityczne kraju dążą do przekształcenia negatywnych skutków lokalnych warunków w sukces. Brak zasobów wodnych stał się przyczynkiem do rozwoju innowacji. Ponadto zdobyta wiedza i doświadczenie pozwalają na świadczenie usług zagranicą w dziedzinie zrównoważonych środowiskowo praktyk.
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