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EN
Things Turned Out the Way They Did: Failure and Weakness in the Culture of Central and Eastern EuropeThe text is the introduction to the new issue of Studia Litteraria et Historica. As such, it presents and conceptualises the category of failure in reference to Central and Eastern Europe in the last few decades of the twentieth century. It outlines the subject matter of respective texts and convergences of the points of view of their authors. Wyszło, jak wyszło. Porażka i słabość w kulturze Europy Środkowo-WschodniejTekst stanowi wstęp do nowego numeru „Studia Litteraria et Historica”. Przedstawia i konceptualizuje kategorię porażki w odniesieniu do obszaru Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej ostatnich kilku dekad XX wieku. Nakreśla tematykę poszczególnych tekstów oraz zbieżności punktów widzenia autorek i autorów.
EN
The first half of the 20th century witnessed the development of the classic eugenics. Some countries in Europe and the USA of different historical past, cultures and degree of development were universally attracted by the eugenic ideology. This raises few questions concerning the basis of its universal attractiveness for masses and its success. This article answers those questions indicating strong (religious-like) belief in the myth which served as a base for the eugenical way of thinking (being older than this thought). This myth narrates a story about the existence of “real people” who lived in the past, yet unfavourable circumstances caused their degradation, but who—with the assistance of physicians (technocrats of the new society) and through medical procedures—may be reborn. This paper aims at the reconstruction of the myth on the basis of the writings of Plato, Campanella and Nietzsche. As examples of its “realization” of the myth, I provide the activities of the institutions like Lebensborn houses in Germany and Nobel Sperm Bank in the USA.
EN
The presented paper considers the problem of misunderstanding between two people on the ancient stage. The author chose two dramatical interrelations in Agamemnon by Aeschylus. Each of these dialogues presents different incongruity between question or order and the response, which can be caused from one side in the pride, power, and fear, and suffering or weakness from the other. We should undertake also some details concerning the importance of silence during the dramatic conversation, sometimes neglected by the scholars. The participant (reader or spectator) of such passages may feel uncertain, if this is a sophisticated play of the author with him, or even a vestige of his interest in human psychology.
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EN
Non-governmental non-pro t organisations have an important place in the society of the 21st century in the Czech Republic. These organisations involve civic associations, public benefit organisations, foundations and endowment funds, the Churches and religious societies in the Czech Republic. The aim of this paper is to find out various types of NGOs risks and recommend their management. The methodology is based on risk measurement in profit organisation assets. Weaknesses and threats were listed there for each financial source using a SWOT analysis. Risk of financial sources in NGOs is important to be controlled from the point of view of its long-term future financial stability. This paper deals only with qualitative risk assessment and gives recommendations to control risk mostly focusing on strict control, good information and professionalism in NGOs.
Tematy i Konteksty
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2018
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vol. 13
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issue 8
64-80
EN
The author analyzes tropes and techniques used in Maria Dąbrowska’s Noce i dnie both to describe and to simultaneously reject peculiarities of the melancholic identity. She also claims that, despite of abhorrence which such extreme ontological fragility seems to provoke in Dąbrowska’s world, novel as a whole manages to open itself discretely and sensitively to the several aspects of variously understood liquidity, weak subjectiviti and incomplete presence.
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue 1
213-224
EN
Argument and literary form, and how they both relate to each other, are crucial aspects of any interpretation of the Platonic dialogues. Plato the author and Plato the philosopher always work hand in hand in that Plato the author tries to serve Plato the philosopher. It is, therefore, an appropriate principle for approaching the study of Plato’s philosophy to take into account the literary aspects of the dialogues and to ask how Plato’s literary art of writing could possibly support his philosophical message and, for instance, to consider what this relation means in the context of the debate about developementalism versus unitarianism in Plato’s philosophy. In the present paper , I argue that the performance of the characters plays an important role in this context. I discuss various passages in the Laws which analyse the weakness of the will and I compare what Plato says there with the performance of Alcibiades in the Symposium. I conclude that the passages in the Laws can be read as a kind of commentary on Alcibiades’ behavior and I consider what this relation means in the context of the debate about developementalism versus unitarianism in Plato’s philosophy.
DE
Argument and literary form, and how they both relate to each other, are crucial aspects of any interpretation of the Platonic dialogues. Plato the author and Plato the philosopher always work hand in hand in that Plato the author tries to serve Plato the philosopher. It is, therefore, an appropriate principle for approaching the study of Plato’s philosophy to take into account the literary aspects of the dialogues and to ask how Plato’s literary art of writing could possibly support his philosophical message and, for instance, to consider what this relation means in the context of the debate about developementalism versus unitarianism in Plato’s philosophy. In the present paper , I argue that the performance of the characters plays an important role in this context. I discuss various passages in the Laws which analyse the weakness of the will and I compare what Plato says there with the performance of Alcibiades in the Symposium. I conclude that the passages in the Laws can be read as a kind of commentary on Alcibiades’ behavior and I consider what this relation means in the context of the debate about developementalism versus unitarianism in Plato’s philosophy
Vox Patrum
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2018
|
vol. 69
611-621
EN
The subject of the article is the extraction and systematization of the basic aspects of Origen’s exegesis of biblical texts on the paradox of strong weakness (Mt 5, 10-11; 2Cor 12, 8-9) and embedding them in the realities of the epoch. According to Origen all human weakness – resulting both from man’s own sins and from the oppression experienced from outside – is a situation that should be used as an opportunity to take up spiritual fight and to accept God’s power, wit­hout which man is unable to overcome any difficulties. This interpretation reflects several circumstances of that era: martyr’s piety, consisting in a desire to become like Christ suffering; the necessity of finding a theological justification for various experiences that make a person in a situation of extreme weakness, such as: per­secution for faith or the practice of slavery; and finally, the conviction that the final victory is close, resulting from literally understood words of Christ about His return and the end of the world, before this generation passes away (cf. Mt 23, 34). The model of spirituality, developed on the basis of the biblical paradox of strong weakness and consisting in enduring suffering in connection with Christ and with the help of His divine power, has become an indispensable component of Christian piety also in later epochs. It could be a kind of medicine for being too attached to the own human capabilities in spiritual struggle with passions, which was the legacy of extremely conceived stoic ethics and could influence the deve­lopment of later movements limiting the power of God’s grace in the fight against own weaknesses, such as Pelagianism.
EN
The context of the study was the experience that in the modern world there is less and less recognition of the need to fulfill life’s vocation, to which God calls. Man at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries often tries to drown out the voice he hears inside his heart in favor of the shallow and imitative happiness of this world’s goods. Attempts are made to live from day to day, without deeper reflection on the use of all gifts and talents according to God’s plan. This is often due to fear of the future and the suffering that can be encountered on the path the Creator has chosen for man. The aim became to study how people in ancient times responded to being called by God. It was limited to the Book of Jeremiah. The study used selected texts from this Book. The prophet from Anatot is among the great prophets. He was chosen already in his mother’s womb. God called and “consecrated” him to a very difficult mission to save Israel. The prophet had the courage to proclaim God’s Word, disregarding the danger that threatened him. He sought to eradicate every form of idolatry, oppression and harlotry that took place in his native land. Inherent in his vocation were hardships and suffering. Jeremiah’s life was a sign to his people so that God’s saving plan could be revealed in their existence. For this reason, the prophet did not enter into any marital relationship. His daily life was subordinated to the proclamation of the prophecies given to him by the Creator. Jeremiah was able to trust God in any difficult situation only because of his conversation with God, which was sincere and deep and flowed from love for the Creator. In this regard, Jeremiah can be a model of one who trusted God unreservedly despite the constant threats and dangers. He thus became a man who perfectly fulfilled his vocation, relying only on the grace of God. So research questions should be asked: How can one trust God unreservedly in this day and age? How to deal with the obstacles inherent in the path of vocation? What can be done to fully carry out what God has planned for man? The subject of the study will be an attempt to find answers to the above questions. The research used the method of theological exegesis, advocated by Pope Benedict XVI, with elements of philological analysis, as well as the historical-critical method based on literary and historical analysis of the text.
PL
Kontekstem przeprowadzonych badań było doświadczenie, że we współczesnym świecie coraz mniej dostrzega się potrzebę spełniania życiowego powołania, do którego wzywa Bóg. Człowiek przełomu XX i XXI w. często próbuje zagłuszyć głos, który słyszy we wnętrzu swojego serca, na rzecz płytkich i imitujących szczęście dóbr tego świata. Podejmowane są próby życia z dnia na dzień, bez głębszej refleksji nad wykorzystaniem wszystkich darów i talentów według planu Boga. Często spowodowane jest to strachem przed przyszłością oraz cierpieniem, które można spotkać na drodze, jaką wybrał dla człowieka Stwórca. Celem stało się zbadanie, jak w starożytności ludzie odpowiadali na powołanie przez Boga. Ograniczono się do Księgi Jeremiasza. W badaniu wykorzystano wybrane teksty z tej Księgi. Prorok z Anatot należy do proroków wielkich. Został wybrany już w łonie swojej matki. Bóg powołał go i „konsekrował” do bardzo trudnej misji, która miała na celu zbawienie Izraela. Prorok miał odwagę głosić Boże Słowo, nie zważając na grożące mu niebezpieczeństwo. Starał się wykorzenić każdą formę bałwochwalstwa, ucisku i nierządu, które miały miejsce w jego ojczystym kraju. Nieodłącznymi elementami jego powołania były trudności i cierpienia. Życie Jeremiasza było znakiem dla jego narodu, by w jego egzystencji mógł objawić się zbawczy plan Boga. Dlatego też prorok nie wszedł w żaden związek małżeński. Jego codzienność była podporządkowana głoszeniu proroctw danych mu przez Stwórcę. Jeremiasz potrafił zawierzyć Bogu w każdej trudnej sytuacji tylko dzięki rozmowie z Bogiem, która była szczera i głęboka oraz wypływała z miłości do Stwórcy. W tym zakresie Jeremiasz może być wzorem tego, który bezgranicznie zaufał Bogu mimo nieustannie pojawiających się zagrożeń i niebezpieczeństw. Stał się w ten sposób człowiekiem, który doskonale wypełnił swoje powołanie, zdając się jedynie na łaskę Boga. Zatem należy postawić pytania badawcze: Jak w dzisiejszych czasach można bezgranicznie zaufać Bogu? Jak poradzić sobie z przeszkodami, które są nieodłącznym elementem na drodze powołania? Co zrobić, aby w pełni wykonać to, co zaplanował dla człowieka Bóg? Przedmiotem badań będzie próba znalezienia odpowiedzi na powyższe pytania. W badaniach została wykorzystana metoda egzegezy teologicznej, postulowana poprzez Benedykta XVI, z elementami analizy filologicznej, a także metoda historyczno-krytyczna oparta na analizie literackiej i historycznej tekstu.
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