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1
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Kulturotwórcza rola apokryfów biblijnych

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Krawczyk R.
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
|
2013
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issue X/10
31-44
PL
Apokryfy biblijne powstały w latach 200 przed Chr. do 135 r. po Chr, to znaczy pomiędzy prześladowaniami Żydów za panowania Seleucydów, a stłumieniem powstania Bar Kochby. Księgi apokryficzne powstawały w środowiskach ortodoksyjnych ale także heretyckich. Stąd też długi czas nie przywiązywano do nich większej wagi. Dopiero w XIX wieku rozpoczęły się pogłębione studia nad apokryfami. Wartość apokryfów polega na tym, że są świadectwem myśli, poglądów i oczekiwań, które panowały w judaizmie i chrześcijaństwie w niezwykle ważnym okresie historycznym przed i po Chrystusie. Forma i treść literatury apokryficznej została zainspirowana pismami biblijnymi i nawet jeśli do treści biblijnych dodaje historycznie nieprawdziwe czy legendarne elementy, których nie ma w źródłach biblijnych, to jednak jest świadectwem myślenia i oczekiwania ludzi tamtej epoki. W niniejszym artykule została dokonana syntetyczna analiza apokryfów biblijnych i ich znaczenia dla kultury.
EN
The biblical Apocrypha date from 200 BC to 135 AD, i.e. between persecutions of Jews during the reigns of the Seleucid, and the Bar Kokhba revolt suppression. The Apocrypha were written in the Orthodox and in the heretic circles. Therefore, little attention was paid to them for a long time. It was only in the 19th century that the Apocrypha began to be studied in depth. The value of the Apocrypha is connected with the fact that they are a testimony to the thoughts, views and expectations typical of Judaism and Christianity in that exceptionally important historical period before and after Christ. The form and content of the Apocrypha were inspired by the biblical scriptures, and even though they contain untrue or legendary facts, in addition to the true ones, they still reflect the way of thinking and expectations of the people of that time. In this paper, the author focuses on a synthetic analysis of the biblical Apocrypha and their importance to the culture.
2
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Kulturowy, antropologiczny i teologiczny wymiar Biblii

100%
Krawczyk R.
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
|
2017
|
issue XIV/14
21-36
EN
Making an attempt to depict the Bible’s address, the Author limits hit efforts to presenting it from three points of view: cultural, anthropologi- cal and theological. The cultural aspect of the Bible has made it impact all fields of the world culture, i.e. literary, artistic, film, music and iconographic work, plastic art, etc. The richness of anthropological expression found in the Bible is narrowed by the Author to the statement that the humankind is created by God (Genesis 1,26). In that statement the Author sees the es- sence of dignity of every human being. The theological aspect is discussed at length as the Bible is a religious book – ideological foundation on which all theological directions are based. In that sense the Author perceives the Bible to be “the soul of theology”.
3
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Maryja – Matka Boża. Katolickie a jehowickie ujęcie problematyki

100%
Krawczyk R.
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
|
2016
|
issue XIII/13
24-36
EN
As the Mother of Jesus, Mather of the Son of God, Virgin Mary is present in the history of salvation: starting from the Old-Testament announcements, through the Bethlehem manger, finishing with the crucifixion on Calvary Hill. The truth is undermined by Jehovah’s Witnes-ses who question the fact that Virgin Mary is the Mother of the Son of God. The author of the paper provokes a substantive discussion with the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ stand, proving that the truth about Mary as the Mother of the Son of God is fully justified in the Holy Scriptures.
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Służby specjalne w starożytnym Izraelu

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Krawczyk R.
SECRETUM. Służby specjalne, bezpieczeństwo, informacja
|
2015
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issue 2(3)
13 - 26
PL
Wszystkie państwa posiadają służby wywiadowcze. Działalność tych służb jest zróżnicowana uwarunkowaniami historycznymi i społecznymi. Metody, jakimi posługują się służby specjalne w swoich działaniach, odzwierciedlają zawsze historyczny etap ich funkcjonowania. Autor niniejszego tekstu omawia działalność służb specjalnych w starożytnym Izraelu. Artykuł składa się z trzech części wydzielonych na podstawie kryterium historycznego. W pierwszej autor omawia działalność służb podczas wyjścia Izraelitów z Egiptu i w okresie Sędziów. W drugiej – analizuje działania służb specjalnych w okresie monarchii izraelskiej i w epoce upadku państwa. Natomiast w trzeciej – przedstawia dwa przypadki działań specjalnych o charakterze wyjątkowo negatywnym, przytoczonym przez autorów Nowego Testamentu.
EN
All states have intelligence services. The operation of these services varies depending on historical and social circumstances. The methods used by secret services in their activity always reflect the historical stage of their operation. The author of this text discusses the operation of secret services in ancient Israel. The article consists of three parts separated on the basis of historical criteria. Firstly, the author describes the services’ operation during the Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt and in the period of the Judges. Secondly, he analyzes the operation of secret services during the Israelite monarchy and the era of the fall of the state. Thirdly, the author discusses two cases of special operations of an extremely negative character, quoted by the authors of the New Testament.
5
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Biblijna koncepcja świętości

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Krawczyk R.
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
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2015
|
issue XII/12
51-65
PL
Pojęcie świętości jest rzeczywistością niezwykle złożoną dotykającą przede wszystkim tajemnicy Boga, ale też swoim zakresem obejmującą obszar kultu, moralności, przedmiotów i przestrzeni. W niniejszym artykule autor przeanalizował teksty Starego i Nowego Testamentu, poszerzając biblijny obraz świętości o wypowiedzi zawarte w pismach z Qumran i teologii rabinicznej.
XX
The concept of holiness is a highly complex area connected with God’s mystery in par-ticular, but also referring to worship, morality, objects and space. In this article, the author analyses the Old and New Testaments texts and also extends the biblical image of holiness by the views included in the Dead Sea Scrolls and rabbinic theology. The study is ended in conclusions drawn from the research.
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Biblia w filmie

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Krawczyk R.
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
|
2014
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issue XI/11
39-54
EN
The author of the article The Bible in Film makes an attempt to define a biblical movie as well as specify what conditions it should meet. Additionally, the author discusses selected films devoted to biblical issues, concentrating on Christ and Mary in particular.
7
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Biblijne podstawy wiary w boskość Jezusa z Nazaretu

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Krawczyk R.
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
|
2022
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issue Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
67-80
EN
The truth about the divinity of Jesus of Nazareth is one of the fundamental beliefs of the Christian faith. This article presents biblical texts that describe Jesus as the true God. First, the Old Testament prophecies about the Coming of the Messiah are presented. Then, the divine dignity of Jesus was shown based on the evangelical pericopes. Particular attention has been paid to the Resurrection of the Savior, which confirms His divinity. This truth is the basis for proclaiming the message about Jesus as the Son of God and for the formation of the first Christian communities.
PL
Prawda o boskości Jezusa z Nazaretu należy do głównych prawd chrześcijańskiej wiary. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano teksty biblijne, ukazujące Jezusa jako prawdziwego Boga. Najpierw przedstawiono starotestamentalne zapowiedzi dotyczące przyjścia Mesjasza. Następnie ukazano boską godność Jezusa w oparciu o perykopy ewangeliczne. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na zmartwychwstanie Zbawiciela, które potwierdza Jego boskość. To wydarzenie stanowi podstawę głoszenia prawdy o Jezusie jako Synu Bożym i kształtowania się pierwszych wspólnot chrześcijańskich.
8
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Józef Flawiusz na tle historiografii żydowskiej

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Krawczyk R.
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
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2012
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issue IX/9
41-58
EN
Josephus Flavius is a controversial person: on the one hand, he is faithful to the ideals represented by his own nation, and admires the history of Israel; on the other hand, he is an eager servant of Rome. In this paper, the author presents the works by J. Flavius as extremely important for exploring both the history and cultural output of ancient Israel. The paper consists of four parts. In the first part, the author presents the person and the works by Flavius, and in the second part, the following works by Flavius are analysed: De Bello Judaico, Antiquitates Judaicae, Contra Apionem, Vita. In the third part, an attempt is made to evaluate his output, and in the last part, the author presents an outline of works on Jewish history as well as selected apocrypha of the Old Testament related to Josephus Flavius.
9
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Biblijne podstawy sakramentu bierzmowania

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Krawczyk R.
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
|
2011
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issue VIII/8
39-53
EN
The paper is devoted to the importance and the purpose of the sacrament of confirmation, which obliges the recipient to take responsibility for the worldwide mission of the Church. The author discusses the following issues: terminology- and definition-related problems (1), Biblical foundations (2), the institution and rite (3), theology (4). The paper emphasizes three dimensions of the confirmation sacrament, namely: anthropological - the confirmation imposes on recipients of the sacrament the responsibility for their own life and prepares them for the fight with evil; ecclesiastical-sacramental - the sacrament of confirmation unites the recipients with the structure of the Church, and prepares them to undertake missionary tasks; Christological - the confirmation sacrament allows those who have confirmed to participate in the pastoral, teaching, and sanctifying function performed by Jesus Christ.
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Grecka historiografia antyczna

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Krawczyk R.
Historia i Świat
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2013
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issue 2
9-22
EN
In the Greek world in the first millennium BC, historiography was mainly limited to tales about the past of one's own family and their relations with other families. In the beginning, these tales were passed down orally, and with time, they began to take written form. It was not until the beginning of the 5th century BC that we may speak of what we today understand as proper antique historiography. This paper consists of three parts. In the first part, the author concentrates on the early stage of writing down tales about past events by Ionian logographers. In the second part, the output of the most prominent representatives of antique Greek historiography including Herodotus of Halicarnassus (490-425 BC), Thucydides of Athens (460-ca. 400 BC), Xenophon of Athens (432-353 BC) and Polybius of Megalopolis (200-ca. 118 BC) is analyzed. The third part of this paper describes two currents in antique historiography, namely, rhetorical and biographical historiography.
11
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Prawa człowieka w Biblii

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Krawczyk R.
Historia i Świat
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2012
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issue 1
149-162
EN
Religious truths are intertwined with certain historic events, expressed on these occasions or through these events. Also, all laws, rights, customs and institutions described in the Bible bear the mark of the epoch, in which they functioned or were created, but they were gradually improved and acquired theologically appropriate meanings as the Revelation developed. The paper is devoted to the problem of human rights in the Bible, which is analyzed considering the following aspects. First, the author presents a synthetic analysis of human rights contained in different national and international documents on human rights such as “Human rights conventions” and “Declarations of human rights”. (1) Then, the author presents theological interpretation of human rights contained in the Book of Genesis in the descriptions of the creation of man, which constitute the foundation of rights of man described in other books of the Bible.(2) Finally, rights of man in other selected books of the Bible are analyzed.(3) The author is of the opinion that the review and the analysis of human rights contained in different documents such as “Human rights conventions” and in the Bible will allow to perceive and recognize the specificity and uniqueness of rights of man in the Bible.
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