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Problem dezercji w polityce władz Skonfederowanych Stanów Ameryki (1861–1865)

100%
Niewiński Ł.
Prace Historyczne
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2014
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vol. 141
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issue 4
PL
The problem of desertion in the policy of the Confederate States of America (1861-1865)In this article I intend to focus on the presentation of how desertion was perceived in those times, and in particular, to trace the policies of the Confederacy relating to the growing number of desertions. During the Civil War in America, a soldier who walked away from his own unit without permission and intention to return was regarded as a deserter. On the other hand, the status of soldiers was enjoyed by all officers and soldiers who received a soldier’s pay or were duly enlisted in the service of the Confederate States. From the middle of 1862, efforts were made to solve the problem of desertion from the Confederate Army. Either amnesties were introduced or deserters were threatened with possible use of severe penalties. The policy on desertion was influenced to the greatest extent by: the CSA President Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee, Secretary of War James A. Seddon and the Head of the Conscription Bureau, Brigadier General John S. Preston. The southern authorities’ policy with respect to the problem of desertion was chaotic and inefficient. According to various estimates, during the war, at least one fourth of all Confederate soldiers deserted from the army
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Andersonville POW camp as an example of a civil war time polis

100%
Niewiński Ł.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
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2011
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issue 24(37)
73-90
EN
An interesting example of a 19th century war time polis (city) was the Andersonville POW camp. It was established by the Confederate States of America’s authorities in February 1864 during the fraternal civil war waged between the Americans of North and South in the years 1861–1865. Over the 14 months of its existence the camp saw close to 45,000 prisoners coming from the army of the United States of America (the Union) of which 13,000 died. At one time in July and August 1864, 33,000 POWs lived in the camp. This made Andersonville the third city (polis) of the Confederacy, after Richmond and Charleston. In this paper I will elaborate on the reasons for founding of the camp, the beginnings of its existence as well as various aspects of the prisoners’ lives, like housing, provisions, medical care, policing or escapes.
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14. pułk piechoty z Luizjany w wojnie secesyjnej w latach 1861–1865

100%
Niewiński Ł.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
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2013
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vol. 11
95-116
EN
The 14th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, called “Polish regiment” has not been properly elaborated in Polish and American historiography. The research on the topic was started by the author of this text in 2007. The aim of this article is to present statistical data concerning this unit, consisting of 1296 soldiers. The recruitment for the unit began in the second half of May 1861, and the majority of the volunteers came from New Orleans. Only 556 soldiers (42.9%) disclosed their age. The average soldier was 26.5 years old. The name John was the most popular (198 – at least 15.3%) of 138 names in the regiment. 641 (49.4%) soldiers revealed their occupation. Among 60 occupations, physical workers were the most numerous (301). On the basis of the data provided by 666 soldiers (51.3%) concerning their place of birth, it may be concluded that 290 of them were born in America, whereas 376 – abroad. Among the representatives of 13 foreign nations, the Irish were the most numerous – 249. The place of residence was disclosed by a half of the soldiers of the regiment (648). As many as 456 of them resided in New Orleans. During the conflict, 33 officers resigned from the service and 105 people (8.1%) were exempted, as, for health reasons, they were unfit for military service. During the functioning of the regiment, at least 280 soldiers (21.6%) deserted. Additionally, 36 soldiers (among them 7 officers) had trials before martial courts. According to the sources, 138 soldiers of the regiment (10.6%) were killed, 115 people (8.87%) died and at least 299 veterans (23%) were wounded. During the war at least 350
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Zbrodnie wojenne, represalia i zakładnicy w wojnie secesyjnej (1861–1865)

100%
Niewiński Ł.
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
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2011
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vol. 10
71-97
EN
The Civil War started on Friday, 12 April 1861 with an attack of the Confederate artillery on federal Fort Sumter (Charleston, South Carolina). The conflict ended on 9 April 1865 as a result of the surrender of the main army of the South under General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House. It was a total war. Almost 4 million men were mobilised on both sides of the conflict. In the four years of warfare almost 620,000 human lives were lost (more than in all other wars conducted by the US put together). During the Civil War, prisoners of war were imprisoned in at least 223 camps. The majority of them were temporary. On the other hand, more than 90% of prisoners of war were detained in the twenty biggest camps and the highest numbers of deaths were recorded there. In this article I present cases of: war crimes committed on prisoners of war (the Fort Pillow Massacre, Kinston Massacre, etc.) and reprisals against them (Privateers Case, Kilpatrick- -Dahlgren Raid) and taking hostages (Corbin-McGraw Case, Immortal Six Hundred).
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Polacy z 31. pułku piechoty nowojorskiej w wojnie secesyjnej w latach 1861–1863

100%
Niewiński Ł.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
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2012
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vol. 10
117-138
EN
The issue of Polish participation in various units of the Union and Confederate armies during the Civil War has not been elaborated in Polish and American historiography. The aim of this article is to describe the organization and activities of the 31st New York Infantry Regiment and to provide statistical data concerning the unit. During the functioning of the 31st New York Infantry Regiment, 1175 soldiers served in it. The unit started its state service in May 1861 and its federal service – a month later. The average regiment’s soldier was 27.3 years old. The regiment took part in a few greater battles in eastern front, e.g. the battles of: West Point (May 7, 1862), Gaines Mill (June 27, 1862) and Fredericksburg (May 2–4, 1863). The query conducted by me shows that in the 31st New York Infantry Regiment there were 40 Poles or people of Polish origin (3.4% of the regiment’s soldiers). The majority of the Poles (36) were recruited for Company C by Captain Aleksander Raszewski in 1891. The average Pole serving in this regiment was 28.02 years old. Eleven Poles were exempted, as they were unfit for military service. Three Polish officers resigned in 1862. During a military action 7 soldiers of Polish origin deserted, 3 were injured, 10 were in the Confederate captivity. When the regiment was dissolved on June 4, 1863, 18 Poles were exempted.
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