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EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze the possible perspectives relating to responsibility. The purpose of the initial section is to describe the development of the notion of responsibility. The most important issues are the problem of biosferic responsibility and the phenomenons of responsibility including the call to account, arraign or to bear the responsibility. 
PL
The purpose of this article is to analyze the possible perspectives relating to responsibility. The purpose of the initial section is to describe the development of the notion of responsibility. The most important issues are the problem of biosferic responsibility and the phenomenons of responsibility including the call to account, arraign or to bear the responsibility.
RU
По мнению Яна Вавжиняка, отношение человека к другим личностям, не являющимся людьми (non-human persons) характеризуется этологической ложью. В отношениях к личностям, не являющимся людьми, человек проявляет видовой шовинизм (species chauvinism). На основании опроса, касающегося способов разговорного понимания «бесчеловечного», «скотского», «звероподобного» поведения, можно описать функционирование этих понятий среди среднестатистических пользователей польского языка. В статье представлены результаты этих исследований. В опросе участвовали 50 человек, студентов и студенток бакалавриата по специальности филология. Исследования были проведены с использованием теста на причинно-следственные связи (because-test) и свободных ассоциаций.
EN
In the opinion of Jan Wawrzyniak, the attitude of humans towards other non-human persons is characterised by ethological falsehood. In relations with other creatures humans show species-oriented chauvinism. On the basis of a survey study concerning the colloquial understanding of the symptoms of “inhuman”, “bestial” or “animalistic” behaviour we may describe the functioning of these notions among average users of the Polish language. The paper aims at presenting the results of the survey concerning the colloquial functioning of the notions: inhuman, bestial and animalistic. Fifty people, students of the first-degree university course in Philology took part in the research, with the use of the because-test and free association method.
EN
This article is motivated by the interest in the colloquial spoken language. A concise description of chosen definitions of the idea of truth is presented. The author looks at the phrase „tak naprawdę” used in selected examples of colloquial sentences. She investigates the reasons of the use of this phrase in both formal and informal, social lifes situations. The article aims at showing various meanings of “tak naprawdę” like: “in reality”, “strictly speaking”, “frankly speaking”, “to tell you the truth”, “in general”, “actually”, “in principle”... In this context the problems of the methaphoricity of truth and the phenomenon of multi- ambiguity of truth are discussed. 
EN
This article is about the relation between axiology and linguistics. This axiolinguistics study focuses on the issue of responsibility for the speech acts. The perlocutive responsiblility is the responsiblility for social facts created by means of acts of speech. The responsiblility is related to the teaching and education in social practice. I have described the development of the notion of responsibility starting from the Roman law up to Heidegger?s ontologisation of the responsibility. I refer to the problem of evaluation of reality by humans, by means of assessments, performatives and norms; to the responsibility for the transmission of values among generations. The idea of perlocutive responsibility is shown on the example of education processes at school.
EN
The following article characterizes the meanings of the Polish expressions ‘tak naprawdę’ (‘prawda’, eng. ‘truth’; truthfully, truly, really), ‘na pewno’ (‘pewność’, eng.‘certainty’; ‘surely’, ‘certainly’) and ‘oczywiście’ (‘oczywisty’, eng. ‘obvious’; ‘of course’, ‘obviously’). The findings of the study are based on a questionnaire which generated reactions via free association test completed by students of the filologia course at Adam Mickiewicz University’s Faculty of Modern Languages and Literatures. The aim of the article is to isolate the possible dimensions of meaning for the expressions in question, to investigate the functions they fulfil in colloquial usage as well asto present the functioning and understanding of what is ‘true’, ‘certain’ and ‘obvious’.
PL
Omawiane w niniejszym artykule charakterystyki znaczeń wyrażeń „tak naprawdę”, „na pewno” i „oczywiście” opracowane zostały na podstawie badań ankietowych z wykorzystaniem metody skojarzeniowej, przeprowadzonych wśród studentów kierunku filologia na Wydziale Neofilologii UAM. Celem pracy jest zaprezentowanie możliwych do wyodrębnienia wymiarów semantycznych dla badanych wyrażeń, prześledzenie funkcji jakie pełnią w potocznym użyciu i przedstawienie sposobów funkcjonowania i rozumienia tego, co „prawdziwe”, „pewne” czy „oczywiste”.
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