Artykuł podnosi kwestię znaczenia polityki historycznej, nazywanej także polityką pamięci, jako kategorii, która na przestrzeni ostatnich lat stanowi przedmiot burzliwej debaty. Dzieje się tak dlatego, że poprzez narzędzia polityki historycznej, władza ma możliwość kształtowania oczekiwanej wizji państwa i narodu na arenie międzynarodowej. Budzi to kontrowersje ze względu na fakt możliwości arbitralnego przemilczenia niewygodnych faktów i zdarzeń. Zasadniczym celem artykułu było ukazanie znaczenia polityki historycznej jako narzędzia budowy wizerunku państwa na arenie międzynarodowej, nie dokonując oceny prowadzonej przez władze polityki. Zagadnienie to poruszane jest w szerokim zakresie na łamach różnego rodzaju publikacji oraz podczas konferencji naukowych czy debat historyków. Analizując literaturę przedmiotu oraz doniesienia prasowe, oficjalne dokumenty instytucji i urzędów państwowych, dokonano w artykule krótkiego przeglądu wybranych definicji polityki historycznej, jej aspektów i narzędzi jej realizacji oraz postulatów prowadzenia polityki historycznej w przyszłości. Polityka historyczna powinna być realizowana przez polskie państwo nie tylko jako element budowy pozycji tego państwa w przestrzeni międzynarodowej, ale przede wszystkim jako element wychowania kolejnych pokoleń Polaków. Nie mam wątpliwości, że w przestrzeni międzynarodowej, ogólnoświatowej, wszystkie rozsądne państwa, które rozumieją swoje potrzeby, a przede wszystkim, które mają poczucie swojej państwowości i godności, prowadzą aktywną politykę historyczną.
EN
Article raises the issue of the importance of historical policy, also known as the politics of memory, as a category, which in recent years is the subject of heated debate. This is because, through the tools of historical policy, the authority has the opportunity to shape the expected vision of the state and nation in the international arena. This remains controversial due to the fact that the possibility of an arbitrary silence inconvenient facts and events. The main aim of this article was to show the importance of historical policy as a tool to build the country’s image in the international arena, not evaluating the policy pursued by the authorities. This issue is discussed in a wide range in the pages of various publications and at scientific conferences or debates historians. Analysing the literature and the press reports and official documents of institutions and government agencies have been in the paper a short review of selected policy definitions historical aspects of its tools and its implementation and postulates policy history in the future. Historical policy should be implemented by the Polish state as part of the construction of the position of the State in the international sphere, but mainly as an element of education of the next generations of Poles. I have no doubt that in the international, worldwide, all reasonable state, who understand their needs, and above all, to have a sense of their statehood and dignity, pursue an active policy of history.
“Prudential” – one of first and most well-known skyscrapers of Warsaw – showcases both the power and fragility of architecture as a device of social memory. Upon its completion, the building became an icon of the monumental capital of the thirties, only to achieve status as a symbol of wartime resistance several years later. Reconstructed as an upscale hotel in the postwar People’s Republic of Poland, it gained a decorative entrance with caryatides – a proper ex ample of social realist architecture. The caryatides were demolished Turing refurbishment in the 2010s. The article discusses this act in the wider framework of interferences in the visual sphere and showcases its importance to the politics of memory.
The process of teaching knowledge and skills is adjusted to utilitarian requirements in a given country and to its level of development. Also, it is compliant with customs, religion and culture of the country. This article is a collection of conclusions about music as an educational instrument used in the Chernobaba Memorial School in Manjai Kunda, the Gambia. These conclusions are the result of a one-day observation inside the school during a regular school day. The researcher used the method of naturalistic and ethnographical observation, which provided her with information about school teachers and students in everyday situations. The results of such analysis include remarks and subjective conclusions that may inspire teachers from other cultures to change the approach to music education in primary schools. Charnobaba Memorial School teachers model sound and movement behaviours, and the children’s natural way of learning is the imitation of spontaneous responses. In the classroom, the teachers are the dominant voice while performing tonal and rhythmic sequences, and the students imitate them.
PL
Proces przekazywania wiedzy i umiejętności jest dostosowany do potrzeb użytkowych w danym kraju, do jego poziomu rozwojowego, a także zamknięty w ramach tolerancji, czy też zwyczajów kulturowych oraz religijnych społeczności. Niniejszy artykuł jest zbiorem wniosków dotyczących obecności dziedziny sztuki - muzyki, jako instrumentu edukacyjnego w szkole podstawowej Chernobaba w Manjai Kunda w Gambii, sformułowanych na podstawie jednodniowej obserwacji. Zastosowaną metodą badawczą była obserwacja etnograficzna naturalistyczna, która dostarczyła danych o uczniach i nauczycielach w codziennych sytuacjach, a jej rezultatem są spostrzeżenia i subiektywne wnioski, które mogą być inspiracją dla czytelników do wprowadzenia zmian w podejściu do przedmiotu z zakresu sztuki w szkołach podstawowych. Nauczyciele szkoły Chernobaba modelują zachowania dźwiękowo-ruchowe, a naturalną drogą uczenia się jest imitacja spontanicznych reakcji. Nauczyciele są w klasie głosem dominującym podczas realizacji sekwencji tonalnych i rytmicznych, stanowią wzorzec do naśladowania.
Recent years saw significant changes on the wine market in Poland, not only in terms of production and consumption but also sales. It can be mostly contributed to domestic legislation changes and consumers readiness to grasp Western European culture prompted by the accession of Poland to the European Union. The aim of the article is to show the changes in the Polish wine sector and to present the main determinants of wine production, such as legal and geographical conditions. The work also presents the characteristics of the supply and demand sides of the domestic wine market. It also identifies the factors that have mostly contributed to the improvement of the situation of producers and shows the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the level of wine sales in Poland. Critical analysis of literature and statistical data allowed the obtainment of detailed information on the topic under study and for a detailed presentation of systematized facts related to the production and trade of wine in Poland over the last several years. An important element of this article is the account of the segmentation of Polish wine consumers, in which six main groups of people imbibing the drink in question have been proposed and described.
The article presents the issue of food security through an analysis of its definition with regard to the right to freedom from hunger. Through the prism of international decisions aimed at influencing the situation of countries on other continents, attention was paid to the impact of individual situations in countries in other parts of the world. The author presents the negative consequences of global dependencies and basing the whole food security of a country on them, which aims to indicate the need to provide the minimum security that should be guaranteed by the state. A reference was made to the contemporary situation of the war in Ukraine as an example of economic dependence on imports, as well as to other examples of crises that have taken place in recent years. Errors in statistical research carried out in a dynamically changing situation need to be taken into account. The article refers to the results of the analysis of quantities, costs, and effects of production on an international scale, confirmed by international organizations. It should be borne in mind that conducting such research requires the verification of a huge amount of data, which is why the author focuses mainly on confirmed research results from the last decade. Forecasts prepared on the basis of the aforementioned data do not reflect the economic effects of the events in 2022. The author focused on comparing the scales and known relationships between production, transport, consumer unawareness, and food waste. The article aims to raise awareness of the possibility of consumers’ decisions to build the market and maintain its quality. The independence of the recipient of goods is hindered by the development of marketing techniques that subconsciously influence the consumer. At the same time, referring to sociological research, the problem of consumer society is not about ordinary consumption but about giving it the rank of a value in itself. The complex number of aspects of each mechanism deserves a separate analysis. The author confronts the aforementioned topics and points out the interdependencies between them, the proposed solutions, and the possibilities of a direct impact of consumer behavior on the global situation. The main purpose of the article is to indicate the cause-and-effect mechanism that is responsible for the threat to food security and to present solutions currently proposed by scientists.
Technology development happens to consequently accustom society to lower doses of body movement which stays in opposition to the bodily needs of young children. Regular physical activity helps to balance out the nervous system, enhances intellectual power, lowers anxiety and stress levels, improves the quality of sleep and well-being. Despite of the number of changes applied to public schools in Poland which were aiming to influence children towards healthy patterns and choices their engagement in Physical Education classes lowers and obesity problem rises. The article is bringing attention to the correlation between children’s sports activities and their well-being. The survey conducted in 2023 in the city of Bydgoszcz helped to gather parents` and teachers` opinions about the importance of physical activities by children of Elementary School. Questions of the survey circle around adults’ awareness of potential impact sport and physical recreation have on bodily growth, cognitive skills and psychological state of Elementary School children. Physical Education classes are important investments socially and economically repaying the effort.
PL
Postęp cywilizacyjny sprawia, że aktywność ruchowa jest obecnie zbyt mała w stosunku do potrzeb rozwijających się organizmów. Pomimo kilku zmian prozdrowotnych wprowadzonych do publicznych placówek oświatowych, dotyczących budowania pozytywnych nawyków fizycznych (np. zwiększenie liczby jednostek lekcji wychowania fizycznego w planie czy zasady zdrowego odżywiania), wskaźniki statystyczne nadal wykazują powiększającą się grupę dzieci z nadwagą i otyłością. Celem badania było poznanie wiedzy dorosłych opiekunów dzieci klas I-III szkół podstawowych na temat aktywności fizycznej oraz jej wpływu na rozwój fizyczny, poznawczy i emocjonalny dzieci. Pytania dotyczyły także opinii opiekunów na temat pożądanych form treningu zdrowotnego dzieci w szkole oraz poza nią. Na pytania internetowego sondażu diagnostycznego odpowiedziały osoby obu płci w wieku 30–50 lat, w tym 60 rodziców i 60 nauczycieli klas wczesnoszkolnych w Bydgoszczy w roku 2023. W sondażu zapytano o zauważalne dla dorosłych korzyści z regularnych ćwiczeń fizycznych dzieci oraz konsekwencje ich braku. Uzyskane wyniki zostały przeanalizowane w oparciu o kategorie ogólne pytań. Wnioski badawcze przedstawiono w zakresie znaczenia aktywności ruchowej dziecka dla jego rozwoju fizycznego, poznawczego, emocjonalnego i społecznego. Realizacja lekcji wychowania fizycznego to ważna inwestycja edukacyjna, społeczna i ekonomiczna, która może się stać buforem wobec zagrożeń zdrowia dzieci we współczesnej cywilizacji.
Objectives: Yeasts may become potential human and animal pathogens, particularly for individuals with a depressed immune system. Their presence in the environment, especially in soil, may favour their spread into human ontocenoses. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four soil samples obtained from 21 children's recreational sites in Łódź in autumn 2010 and spring 2011 were evaluated. The yeasts were isolated by classical microbiological methods and identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical features. Results: The fungi were found in 73.8% and in 69.0% of the examined samples collected in autumn and spring, respectively. Among 97 isolates of yeasts, the species potentially pathogenic to humans and animals were Candida colliculosa, C. guilliermondii, C. humicola, C. inconspicua, C. lambica, C. lusitaniae, C. pelliculosa, C. tropicalis, Cryptococcus albidus, C. laurentii, C. neoformans, C. terreus, Kloeckera japonica, Geotrichum candidum, G. penicillatum, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, R. glutinis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sporobolomyces salmonicolor and Trichosporon cutaneum. The most frequently isolated fungi included the genus Cryptococcus (38 isolates) and two species: Rhodotorula glutinis (15), Trichosporon cutaneum (14). C. neoformans, an etiological factor of cryptococcal meningitis, was present in the sandpits of 3 kindergartens. The Candida species were identified from park playgrounds and school sports fields mainly in autumn 2010 (14 isolates), in spring 2011 - only 1 isolate. The concentration of fungal species in particular samples varied considerably, but in the majority of samples, fungi were present at concentration of up to 1×10² CFU/1 g of soil. Conclusions: Yeasts were present in the soil of parks, schools and kindergarten recreational areas; the fact may pose a health risk to humans, especially to children, and this type of biological pollution should be regarded as a potential public health concern.
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