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EN
The paper is concerned with the advice regarding choosing a wife presented in the thir-teenthcentury educational treatise De regimine principum by Giles of Rome. It was the most popular “mirror of prince” in the later Middle Ages. In defining the criteria one should pay attention to Giles distinguishes three kinds of “goods” (bona) that an appro-priate wife-to-be should possess. These are the so-called external (exterior) goods and internal (interior) ones, the latter being in turn divided into the bodily goods (bona cor-poris) and the spiritual goods (bona animae). The first kind includes such goods as noble descent (nobilitas generis), multitude of friends (pluralitas amicorum) and abundance of wealth (multitudo divitiarum); the second – beauty (pulchritudo) and size (magnitudo); the third – self control (temperantia) and liking for work (amor operositatis). These three kinds of goods, as well as particular examples of them, are drawn by Giles from Aristotle’s Rhetorica. Yet, when compared to those enumerated by medieval theologians and canon lawyers in their discussons of reasons for marrying, they do not considerably differ from them. What matters is that Giles sees and accepts all of them as relatively equally important as criteria used for choosing a wife. This is because they are all neces-sary for setting up a successful marriage that will bring happiness to a man.
EN
Sola, ut vidua, cum patruis et avunculis vel fratribus proximioribus, ut maritataAnmerkungen zum rechtlichen Beistand männlicher Verwandter bei Rechtsgeschäften von adeligen Frauen in der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts in GroßpolenZusammenfassungIm vorliegenden Beitrag wird das bei vermögensrechtlichen Geschäften praktizierte Phänomen des rechtlichen Beistandes (der Vormundschaft) bei adeligen Frauen durch deren männliche Verwandte behandelt. Aus Gerichtsakten geht hervor, daß die Verwandten je nachdem die Frau verheiratet oder verwitwet war, mal hinzugezogen werden, mal fehlen. Es wurden entsprechende Beispiele von Rechtsgeschäften vorgestellt, bei denen sowohl verheiratete als auch verwitwete Frauen über ihr Vermögen in Gestalt von Mitgift und Aussteuer, die auf den Gütern des Ehemannes abgesichert waren, oder über eigene Landgüter verfügten. Diese Beispiele zeigen, daß der Beistand männlicher Verwandter im Falle von verheirateten Frauen erforderlich war, im Falle von Witwen dagegen nicht. In einem der Gerichtseinträge wurde als Prinzip vermerkt, daß von zwei Schwestern, die eine Erklärung bezüglich ein und desselben Rechtsgeschäfts abgaben, die eine es sola, ut vidua, die andere wiederum cum patruis et avunculis vel fratribus proximioribus, ut maritata tat. Daraus scheint hervorzugehen, daß ein solcher Grundsatz keineswegs mit einer generellen Rechtsbegrenzung im Fall von Frauen im Zusammenhang stand, sondern aus der Sorge um die Absicherung ihrer Interessen gegen möglichen Druck seitens des Ehegatten resultierte. Das richtige Verständnis der gesellschaftlichen Bedeutung des rechtlichen Beistandes (der Vormundschaft) erfordert jedoch weiterer Forschungen zu diesem Phänomen. Sola, ut vidua, cum patruis et avunculis vel fratribus proximioribus, ut maritataRemarks on the practice of assistance of male relatives at the legal actions of female noblewomen in the second half of the 15th century in Great PolandAbstractThe paper presents the practice observed in the entries to court records of Great Poland in the second half of the fi fteenth century which involved the presence of male relatives at the court during legal actions performed by a married noblewoman if the subject of the action was her estate. In the case when the action was made by a widow, she could do that on her own. It is argued that such contradistinction was present in social practice as a customary pattern of activity. Both the regularity of its appearance in records and the norm explicitly stated in sources prove it. The article also presents a selection of the most important questions which should be undertaken in further research on the problem of assistance.
EN
Artykuł dotyczy identyfikacji Maćka Borkowica, ojca Fredhelma i Katarzyny. Wykazano w nim, że był on synem Borka z Grodziska, a bratankiem znanego wojewody poznańskiego Macieja Borkowica, a jego z kolei syn Fredhelm nie jest tożsamy ze współczesnym mu Fredhelmem von Weissenburg (Wezenborg). The paper discusses the identification of Maciek Borkowic, father of Fredhelm and Catherine. It has been proved that he was a son of Borek of Grodzisk and a nephew of the famous palatine Maciej Borkowic, and that his son Fredhelm was a different person than his contemporary Fredhelm von Weissenburg (Wezenborg).
EN
The aim of the paper is to present these events and experiences whose occurrence in the life of a noble family in late‑medieval Poland was the consequence of the death of husband and father. This was achieved by means of reconstructing the life story of Elżbieta, the fourth wife of the Kalisz‑district chamberlain Rafał of Gołuchowo from the Wieniawa family, as well as that of his sons and daughter (Iwan, Rafał, Jan, Andrzej, and Cherubin, and their sister Barbara), after his death. This reconstruction essentially provided insight into such activities undertaken by them or with their participation as taking ownership of the property left to the widow, establishing custody of the children that had not yet come of age and of their assets, establishing guardianship of the as yet unmarried daughter and regulating the payment of her part of the family money in the form of a monetary dowry, and, in time, dividing the family estate between the brothers. These actions were, in a way, a natural consequence of the death of husband and father, and were a part of the life of most families living in those times. An analysis of their realisation in social practice based on relevant records in court’s registers allow to understand the underlying legal customs, only partly reflected in the norms of the written law, as well as the events and experiences which resulted from the death of husband and father for his wife and children, and the role played by their relatives in this period of their lives.
PL
The paper is concerned with the views of the fourteenth-century German thinker and writer Conrad of Megenburg on the nature of a little child (until the age of seven) and his or her  upbringing as reflected in his Yconomica. This work belonged to the oeconomica genre – books of instructions about the prudent management of the household, including recommendations on the proper upbringing of offspring. Conrad perceives the child primarily as lacking an ability to reason. Consequently, in his opinion what the child speaks or does is only a mindless imitation – a kind of aping – of what he or she hears or sees in others. Therefore, recommendations given by Conrad to parents on how they should take care of their children are mostly concerned with their health and proper physical development. To a lesser degree the first years of living is a time for the child to learn some good manners, e.g. while eating and to gain basic religious knowledge. This kind of learning, however, does not require any understanding, it consists in developing appropriate habits in children. Only when they reach the age of seven did their proper education begin. In his view of the little child and his or her upbringing Conrad of Megenburg follows the Aristotelian tradition.
EN
The paper is concerned with the image of relations between husband and wife presented in the thirteenth-century educational treatise De regimine principum by Giles of Rome. It belonged to the most popular ‘mirrors of princes’ in the Middle Ages. Giles shows how conjugal relations should be arranged primarily by outlining the husband’s duties to, and his treatment of, his wife. He is responsible for her moral development. He is to lead her to temperance, silence and stability (ad temperantiam & ad taciturnitatem & ad stabilitatem). In marital sex he is to comply with the Church’s teachings, to provide his wife with adequate material goods, to show signs of love, and to give ap propriate warnings when her behaviour is improper. The instruction of how to deal properly with the wife is formulated by Giles in the context of the authority assigned to her husband over her, and consequently of his responsibility for guiding her. This prerogative of the husband is due to a woman’s natural subordination to a man because of his superiority over her in terms of prudence and reason. The government that the husband exercises over his wife should not be that of the parent over his child nor that of the master over his servant. He should treat his wife as a companion (tamquam socia). A natural element of conjugal relations is amicitia (love) that results – as it may be assumed – from living together, and that manifests itself in the ways spouses treat each other. The proper fulfilment of their duties by the husband and the wife was to guarantee their harmonious coexistence, although far more responsibility fell on the husband because of his natural superiority over the woman.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest wizerunek relacji między mężem a żoną, jaki został nakreślony w XIII-wiecznym traktacie o wychowaniu De regimine principum autorstwa Idziego Rzymianina. Należał on do najbardziej popularnych „zwierciadeł władców” w okresie średniowiecza. Idzi ukazuje, jak powinny układać się właściwe relacje małżeńskie, przede wszystkim poprzez nakreślenie powinności i sposobu postępowania męża wobec żony. W jego gestii pozostaje troska o jej rozwój moralny. Ma prowadzić ją do umiarkowania, milczenia i stałości (ad temperantiam & ad taciturnitatem & ad stabilitatem). W pożyciu małżeńskim ma kierować się zasadami nauki Kościoła, zaopatrywać żonę w odpowiednie dobra materialne, okazywać oznaki miłości oraz udzielać stosownych upomnień w sytuacji jej niewłaściwego zachowania. Pouczenia, jak właściwie postępować z żoną, formułuje Idzi w kontekście przypisanego mężowi zwierzchnictwa nad nią i będącej jej rezultatem powinności kierowania jej osobą. Przypisana mu prerogatywa wynika z naturalnego podporządkowania kobiety mężczyźnie z racji jego przewagi nad nią pod względem roztropności i rozumu. Rząd, jaki mąż sprawuje nad żoną, nie ma być rządem rodzica nad dzieckiem ani pana domu nad sługą. Mąż powinien traktować żonę jak towarzyszkę (tamquam socia). Naturalnym elementem relacji małżeńskich jest amicitia (miłość), do której powstania, jak można przyjąć, wiedzie wspólne życie i która przejawia się w tym, jak się do siebie odnoszą. Właściwe wypełnianie przez męża, jak i żonę przypisanych im powinności miało być gwarantem ich harmonijnego współżycia, chociaż zdecydowanie większa odpowiedzialność spadała na męża z racji naturalnej wyższości mężczyzny nad kobietą.
EN
The paper is concerned with the issue of the source of the fatherly responsibility for bringing up his offspring as it was presented in three selected thirteenth-century educational treatises. These are De regimine filiorum nobilium by Vincent of Beauvais, De erudicione principum by William Perault, and De regimine principum by Giles of Rome. Both Vincent of Beauvais and William Perault drew on precepts of the Old and New Testaments and the recommendations of the Church Fathers to motivate fathers in the upbringing up their offspring. In doing so, on the one hand they refer to their authority that will make fathers obey them. On the other hand, by addressing selected biblical statements and their own comments and interpretations, they first of all try to convince fathers of the need for performing their parental responsibilities, pointing to the results that come from neglecting or fulfilling them. In turn, for Giles of Rome the key role in making fathers perform their responsibilities towards their offspring is played by love that is, in his opinion, inherent in the relationships between fathers and their offspring. It is somewhat the same as the human desire to preserve their species, and as it instinctive. Also he refers to the social order to show that the supply of goods, including upbringing, by a father to son reflects the situation specific to the relationship between a person located higher and a person located lower in the social hierarchy. He does so, however, not to convince fathers to perform their responsibilities, but to show the forms in which his love can be expressed.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest problemowi źródeł ojcowskiej odpowiedzialności za wychowanie potomstwa, przedstawianemu w trzech wybranych, trzynastowiecznych traktatach o wychowaniu. Są nimi De regimine filiorum nobilium Wincentego z Beauvais, De erudicione principum Wilhelma Peralda i De regimine principum Idziego Rzymianina. Zarówno Wincenty z Beauvais, jak i Wilhelm Perald, uzasadniając konieczność wywiązania się przez ojców z obowiązku wychowania potomstwa, sięgają do nakazów Starego i Nowego Testamentu, jak i zaleceń formułowanych przez Ojców Kościoła. Czyniąc to, z jednej strony odwołują się do ich autorytetu, który sprawi, że ojcowie im się podporządkują. Z drugiej zaś, poprzez dobór odpowiednich wypowiedzi i ich komentarz, i interpretację, starają się przede wszystkim jednak przekonać ojców o konieczności wywiązania się z ciążących na nich powinności rodzicielskich, wskazując na wynikające z ich realizacji bądź zaniechania następstwa. Z kolei dla Idziego kluczową rolę w sprawieniu, że ojcowie wypełniają swe powinności wobec potomstwa odgrywa miłość, która, jego zdaniem, tkwi w naturze relacji między rodzicem a dzieckiem. Jest ona niejako tożsama z pragnieniem człowieka do zachowania swego gatunku i tak jak ona instynktowna. Odwołuje się on także do porządku społecznego, wskazując, że świadczenie dóbr, w tym wychowania, przez ojca na rzecz syna odzwierciedla sytuację właściwą dla relacji między osobą usytuowaną wyżej i osobą usytuowaną niżej w hierarchii społecznej. Czyni to jednak nie by przekonać ojca do wypełnienia swej powinności, lecz aby wskazać dobra, w których świadczeniu powinna znaleźć swój wyraz miłość, jaka ich łączy.
EN
The article presents the analysis of three selected marital contracts from the early 16th century, concerning marriages between Anna Lisowska and Mikołaj Tomicki (1515), Katarzyna Krotoska and Jan Borek Gostyński (1515), and Barbara Danaborska and Mikołaj Margoński, coming from the Greater Polish middle and higher noble families. It was aimed not only to examine the contents of marital agreements but also the possibilities that sources offer to study them for that period.
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