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Putting the war out of law. The problem of peace in international relations before and after the First World War

100%
Kun-Buczko M.
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
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2019
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vol. 18
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issue 1
29-41
EN
For centuries, conducting war was regarded as one of the most important attributes of state sovereignty. With the development of international relations, technology and human capabilities, which repeatedly led the fate of humanity to the end, the approach to the conduct of war as foreign policy began to evolve into a pacifist outlook. The achievement of the moment of 1928 was when the Brianda-Kellog Pact was for the first time enacted, and an absolute prohibition of  aggressive warfare was preceded by stages in which the states formed, in small steps, the awareness of the need to change their approach to war. The very fact of introducing its prohibition did not save the world from the outbreakof World War II, but it allowed the prosecution of war criminals, and forever changed the approach to war. Since then, although the world is not free from armed conflict, the states resorting to the use of force must find a justification for their actions on the basis of norms of international law
2
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Position of whistleblowers in Polish legal order

100%
Kun-Buczko M.
Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego
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2021
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issue 2
41-49
PL
Sygnalista, demaskator, informator, whistleblower - „osoba dmuchająca w gwizdek” - w języku polskim brakuje określenia oddającego precyzyjnie znaczenie tego terminu. Procedury sygnalizujące o nieprawidłowościach stanowią część kultury organizacji i na świecie znane są od dawna. Ważnym czynnikiem w procesie tworzenia regulacji dotyczących ochrony sygnalistów była i jest aktywność organizacji międzynarodowych (ONZ, Rada Europy i Unia Europejska). Niestety, polski ustawodawca nie podjął dotychczas skutecznych działań w celu uregulowania pozycji sygnalistów. Obecnie obowiązujące przepisy prawne w tej materii są sektorowe, bardzo wybiórcze i ograniczone, co w konsekwencji powoduje małą aktywność w zakresie informowania o nieprawidłowościach. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie statusu sygnalistów w polskim porządku prawnym w kontekście regulacji Dyrektywy 2019/1937, na mocy której państwa członkowskie mają czas na wdrożenie jej postanowień najpóźniej do 17.12.2023 r. Omówione zostały wybrane akty prawa polskiego oraz projekty ustaw, które implikują regulacje dotyczące statusu sygnalistów. W tle rozważań autorka wskazuje również na wybrane akty prawa międzynarodowego i europejskiego.
EN
A whistleblower - "a person blowing a whistle" - the Polish language lacks a word to precisely express the meaning of that term. Procedures signaling irregularities are part of the organizational culture and have been known in the world for a long time. The activity of international organizations (UN, Council of Europe and European Union) in the process of creating regulations regarding whistleblower protection has also been witnessed for some time. Unfortunately, the Polish legislator has not taken effective measures yet to regulate the position of whistleblowers. The current legislation in this area is sectoral, very selective and limited, resulting in little activity in reporting irregularities. The main objective of this article is to determine the status of whistleblowers in the Polish legal order in the context of provisions of the Directive (EU) 2019/1937, under which Member States are obliged to implement its provisions into their legal orders until 17 December 2023. Selected acts of the Polish law and draft laws that contain regulations on the status of whistleblowers are discussed. In the background of the considerations, the Author also points to selected acts of international law and European Union law.
3
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People Who Could Not Keep Silent. The Founding Fathers of Whistleblowing

100%
Kun-Buczko M.
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
|
2022
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vol. 21
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issue 2
367-377
EN
The dilemma between loyalty to an organization and exposing irregularities within it has been observed since 1777, when whistleblowing activities were first documented, when ten sailors affected by mistreatment and feelings of injustice decided to report these irregularities to the most powerful commander in the Continental Navy, Esek Hopkins. Since then, there have been many examples of whistleblowing in the US. Each whistleblower, acted in the name of the greater good, often risking his or her name, reputation and even his or her family’s safety. The first reports were unique because no one knew the institution of whistleblowers, and their activities were often synonymous with denunciation and lack of loyalty to the employer. Over time, attitudes began to change, regulations began to emerge to protect whistleblowers, and even organizations began to stand up to protect their rights. Instead of condemnation, their attitude began to be met with admiration and approval. Whistleblowers began to be rewarded for their activity. Whistleblowing is beginning to become the norm and standard of a democratic state of law. It is understood that a well-built compliance policy, transparent and clear operating rules play a huge role in the success of an organization. A brief presentation of selected stories of whistleblowers is intended to give an idea of the development of this institution. The research methodology used in this article primarily involves the historical-descriptive method.
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