The article recounts the figure of Stanislaw August Thugutt (1873-1941) - one of the most distinguished activists of Polish peasant movement before World War II - and his views on education of young generation of peasants. His brochure 'Letters to a Young Friend' (1929) is an important voice on education of the young generation of Polish peasants that began their adult life in the 1930s and in the 1940s. On the outlined background of the life of Stanislaw August Thugutt and the programme of social reforms - co-written by Thugutt, and announced by Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Poland in the autumn of 1918 - the paper presents in more detail the letters that constitute a handbook on adult education, prepared by Thugutt for Polish peasants of the period between the two World Wars. The letters give advice to young farmers (letter I: Learn so that you are not a workhorse but a conscious creator of new life, letter II: Organize yourself so that you are not a pile of airborne sand but a barrier that withstands a storm; letter III: Let money be your servant not your lord; letter IV: Be yourself and have faith in yourself; letter V: Be good and just, do not give up on fighting evil; letter VI: Be brave since there is a long way ahead of you; letter VII: Never forget about Poland). The collection became a sort of catechism for young generation of Polish peasants of that time.
Contemporary folk high schools are places where local communities can maintain a dialogue - both a dialoge within itself as well as with others. Folk high schools are thus not only important centers of civic education but also institutions in which intercultural education has been taking place for decades. The understanding of the genesis of the dialogue of cultures in folk high schools seems to be difficult to comprehend without resorting to the roots of the educational ideas of Nicolas F.S. Grundtvig (1783-1872) and his concept of schools for life in particular. The author analyses the views of this Danish philosopher and educator related to the concepts expressed in the title of this paper. The author admits to draw from Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) the ideas related to the concept of cultural diversity and hence a multiplicity of paths leading to humanity, on the basis of which Grundtvig puts forward a hypothesis on the necessity of dialogue between representatives of different cultures. At the same the author points out that Grundtvig does not recognize the 'inevitability of culture clash' to which, according to many researchers, drawing from Herder's theories should lead. The author indicates that Grundtvig's ideas can be analyzed into several planes on which intercultural dialogue can be led: internal Danish, Scandinavian an international and simultaneously calls upon and comments the Grundtvig's idea of folkelighed which in order to implemented, requires adult educational institutions of the new type - schools for life, a theoretical prototype of high folk schools. The paper is concluded by the considerations concerning the history of the intercultural character of adult education institutions which are similar to high folk schools and an observation that for over one hundred years high folk schools have been implementing, at the practical level, the major theoretical concepts of intercultural education, and supporting their practice with sound theoretical justification. Hence their activity definitely anticipated the process of the establishment of intercultural pedagogy as an autonomous area of educational studies. So perhaps the major thesis presented by the author of the paper is worth remembering.
Artykuł ukazuje losy uniwersytetów ludowych na ziemiach polskich w okresie III Rzeczypospolitej. Autor podejmuje próbę ukazania zarówno sposobów myślenia o miejscu instytucji nieformalnej edukacji dorosłych tego typu w środowiskach lokalnych poza dużymi aglomeracjami – zwłaszcza w budowaniu społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, jak również praktycznych prób wprowadzania w życie modelu edukacyjnego wypracowanego przez środowisko uniwersytetów ludowych w tych miejscach kraju, w których w ostatnim dwudziestopięcioleciu podejmowano działania oparte o założenia „Szkoły dla Życia” M.F.S. Grundtviga i/lub jego zagranicznych czy polskich spadkobierców. Mimo iż ćwierćwiecze polskich przemian nie doprowadziło do rozwoju ruchu uniwersytetów ludowych w Polsce na miarę oczekiwań jego członków i protektorów, marzących u progu lat 90. XX wieku o jego upowszechnieniu się na wzór krajów skandynawskich, to jednak oświatowcy związani z Grundtvigiańską ideą ciągle wierzą w skuteczność tej sprawdzonej w przeszłości formuły edukacyjnej i mają nadzieję na jej trwanie i rozwój w przyszłości.
EN
The article shows the history of folk high schools in the 3rd Republic of Poland. The author attempts to present both the ways of thinking about the place of non-formal adult education of that type in local communities outside big agglomerations – especially in the area of building civic society, as well as practical implementation attempts of the educational model developed by the folk high school community in those places in Poland, in which activities are based on the assumptions of M.F.S. Grundtvig’s “School for Life” and/or his international or Polish followers in the last 25years. Despite the fact that 25 years of Polish transformations did not lead to the development of folk high school movement in Poland that would come up to the expectations of its members and supporters, dreaming at the beginning of the 1990s of its popularization following that of Scandinavian scale, the educators connected with the Grundtvigian idea still believe in the effectiveness of that proven to be good in the past educational formula and hope that it will survive and develop in the future.
This text is an appeal to Polish Members of Parliament - members of National and Ethnic Minorities Committee visiting Pomeranian Region in July 2010 to take notice of the social usefulness of Folk High Schools. The author recalls the contributions of those institutions in the development of Polish rural areas, and shows - on the example of Kashubian Folk High School - how important those institutions of adult education can be in building local democracy outside big agglomerations also today. The appeal, in a form of a typical gloss, once again tries to encourage the members of the Parliament of the Republic of Poland to make the effort of providing comprehensive regulation of legal and organizational situation of Polish Folk High Schools and other adult education entities of non-commercial character.
W połowie lat 90. XX wieku szwedzki parlament Riksdag przeprowadził nowelizację tamtejszej „Ustawy o szkolnictwie wyższym” nakazując podmiotom szkolnictwa wyższego współpracę z otoczeniem społecznym. Zadanie to zostało określone jako trzecia powinność, obok prowadzenia badań naukowych i kształcenia studentów, a jego realizacja stała się jednym z kryteriów oceny i finansowania poszczególnych środowisk naukowych. Uczelnie mogą wywiązywać się z nałożonego obowiązku w różnorodny sposób – także poprzez podjęcie formalnej współpracy z różnorodnymi podmiotami kulturalno- -edukacyjnymi, co zaowocowało w ostatniej dekadzie znaczącym wzrostem inicjatyw podejmowanych wspólnie przez tamtejsze placówki szkolnictwa wyższego i instytucje oświaty dorosłych. Uniwersytety i inne szkoły wyższe dostrzegły bowiem, że w ten sposób mogą sprostać wymogom tredje uppgift. Autor w swoim artykule podejmuje próbę ukazania, że współpraca taka ma jednak w Królestwie Szwecji dużo dłuższe niż 10 lat tradycje, a dla ilustracji tej tezy przywołuje szereg przykładów związków uczelni wyższych z podmiotami kultury i edukacji dorosłych w szwedzkiej przestrzeni społecznej, zarówno z XIX, jak i XX stulecia. Na tym tle historycznym ukazane zostały współczesne, często bardzo ciekawe i unikalne w świecie próby łączenia folkbildning (non-formal adult education) i edukacji akademickiej, zwłaszcza ze środowiska szwedzkich uniwersytetów ludowych. Całość rozważań kończy konkluzja, że coraz wyraźniej obserwujemy na terenie Szwecji stopniowe rozmywanie się do niedawna czytelnej linii rozgraniczenia pomiędzy kształceniem akademickim a oświatą dorosłych.
EN
In the mid 1990s the Swedish parliament, Riksdag, amended the “Higher Education Act”, ordering higher education institutions to cooperate with their social environment, and specifying it as a third obligation, after scientific research and teaching students. And performing that duty became one of the criteria of assessment and financing institutions of higher education. Universities can carry out their responsibilities in various ways – also by taking up formal cooperation with institutions of culture and education, which in the last decade contributed to a significant increase of initiatives taken up jointly by Swedish universities and adult education organizations, as universities and other schools noticed that in that way they could meet the requirements of tredje uppgift. In his article, the author makes an attempt at showing that the tradition of such cooperation in the Kingdom of Sweden is much longer than just 10 years, and illustrates his thesis by recalling a number of examples of relationships between universities and institutions of culture and education in 19th and 20th centuries. The contemporary, often very interesting and unique attempts of combining folkbildning (non-formal adult education) and academic education, in the environment of Swedish folk high schools in particular, are presented on that historical background. The author concludes that the not so long ago clear demarcation line between academic and adult education gradually becomes finer and finer in Sweden.
The paper recalls the figure of Jindra Kulich, a world known andragogue and historian of education, of Czech origin, who passed away in December 2009. The author provides an outline of life and work of the professor: from the time of his emigration from Czechoslovakia in 1951 - through his work as a folk high school teacher in Denmark and his studies and research at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver in Canada - to his last more than ten years, when he was an independent expert in adult education. The sketch also includes characteristics of the main research interests of J. Kulich - as an internationally recognised bibliographer of adult education, one of the precursors of comparative andragogics and historian of adult education in Scandinavia, Central and Eastern Europe and Canada. The article makes references to the most significant scientific publications from Kulich's areas of research. It also emphasises numerous research contacts of Jindra Kulich with the community of Polish andragogues and adult educators.
In his article the author presented the main directions of Polish-Swedish contacts in terms of adult education since the end of World War II to the decline of People's Republic of Poland in 1989. The entire publication was prepared basing on research in the archives and libraries on both sides of the Baltic. Special attention was paid to two issues: (1) development of educational offer for Polish people living in Sweden - inter alia, an educational complex in transition camp in Öreryd and educational concepts for solidarity emigration of the 1980s and (2) cooperation of the communities of Swedish and People's Republic of Poland's adult education - in particular the activities of Polish Committee in the 1960s, the involvement of Polish Club in the 1970s, the cooperation of the Council of Folk High Schools functioning within the Union of Socialist Polish Youth (ZSMP) with Swedish Union of Folk High School Teachers (SFHL) as well as common projects of 'Solidarity' Trade Union (NSZZ Solidarnosc) and the Swedish Workers' Education Association (ABF) of the 1980s. The paper also draws the readers' attention to certain exceptional character of the cooperation of Swedish adult education communities with Polish entities as compared with their relations with other countries. The author passed many judgements and drew a number of conclusions in summing up both the joint activities undertaken by institutions of culture and education for the adults of the Kingdom of Sweden and People's Republic of Poland as well as their short- and long-term effects.
The article is a review of the regulations of higher education legislation in Poland adopted by the parliament during the twenty years between the two World Wars and in the People’s Republic of Poland (1945–1989) that today could be treated as symptoms of the implementation of the concept of lifelong learning in Polish schools of higher education. An analysis of the relevant legislation was the main research method for the purpose of this article. The authors try to answer the question whether in the decades before the Third Republic of Poland there were legal solutions referring to the connections of higher education with practical implementation of the idea of lifelong education. And if, what were they? Today, when the tasks of higher education connected with the practical implementation of the idea of lifelong learning seem obvious in all European Union states, it is worth remembering that in many countries – including in Poland – the issue has a much longer tradition than just the last twenty five years. In the final parts of the article the authors also postulate comparative studies of Polish solutions and the legislation in other European countries before 1989.
PL
Współcześnie coraz wyraźniej realizowana jest w europejskim szkolnictwie wyższym idea uczenia się przez całe życie. Jest to odpowiedź na wyzwania cywilizacyjne, którą na gruncie Unii Europejskiej regularnie wzmacnia się kolejnymi rekomendacjami i innymi dokumentami (strategiami, kartami itp.) dotyczącymi różnorodnych aspektów rozwoju lifelong learning w krajach członkowskich. Wiele z tych zapisów implikuje także zmiany w środowiskach uczelni wyższych. We wszystkich krajach UE redefiniuje się bowiem ich misję, określa zadania, modernizuje programy kształcenia. I inaczej niż dawniej określa się standardy wymagań dla studentów itp. Zmienił się również język opisu „nowej” europejskiej rzeczywistości akademickiej. Pojawiły się „nowe” kategorie, takie jak: kompetencje kluczowe, europejskie (i krajowe) ramy kwalifikacji, walidacja pozaformalnego i nieformalnego uczenia się itp. Zmiany te coraz wyraźniej widoczne są również w Polsce. Celem artykułu jest przypomnienie czytelnikom, że dla polskich szkół wyższych proponowane przez Unię Europejską rozwiązania nie są nowością, gdyż już na długo przed r. 1989 niektóre z rozwiązań prawnych dotyczących szkolnictwa wyższego zawierały regulacje od strony praktycznej przybliżające do polskich uczelni koncepcję lifelong education B. A. Yeaxlee’a. Autorzy przygotowali więc przegląd tych regulacji zawartych w polskim prawie o szkolnictwie wyższym z okresu dwudziestolecia międzywojennego oraz z czasów Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1945–1989), które mogłyby być współcześnie uznane za przejaw realizacji w uczelniach wyższych koncepcji uczenia się przez całe życie. Główną metodą badawczą na potrzeby artykułu stała się analiza dokumentów prawnych. Poddano jej zapisy ośmiu aktów polskiego prawa rangi ustawy sprzed 1989 r., zawierających przepisy o szkolnictwie wyższym: Ustawa z dn. 15 marca 1933 r. o szkołach akademickich (Dz.U. z 1933 r. Nr 29, poz. 247), Ustawa z dn. 2 lipca 1937 r. o zmianie ustawy z dnia 15 marca 1933 r. o szkołach akademickich (Dz.U. z 1937 r. Nr 52, poz. 406), Ustawa z dnia 15 grudnia 1951 r. o szkolnictwie wyższym i o pracownikach nauki (Dz.U. z 1952 r., Nr 6, poz. 6), Ustawa z dnia
Prof. dr. hab. Elzbieta Zawacka, a soldier of the underground movement and legendary emissary, brigadier general, social and independence activist, but also a recognised andragogue and historian, passed away in Torun on 10. 01. 2009. The article presents her rich life and her scientific achievements. Her publications and activities in the field of andragogy got a wide coverage. The article ends with a presentation of the events organised to commemorate her in 2009.
Artykuł przybliża wybrane informacje na temat Programu Wspierania Rozwoju Uniwersytetów Ludowych na lata 2020–2030, a także prezentuje próbę zorganizowania badania empirycznego mającego za zadanie określić obecny stan rozwoju uniwersytetów ludowych w Polsce. W szkicu zaprezentowano m.in. podstawowe informacje o samym Programie i jego głównych priorytetach, a także zestawienia zbiorcze, dotyczące zarówno podmiotów zainteresowanych uzyskaniem wsparcia, jak i dotychczasowych beneficjentów, którzy uzyskali wsparcie finansowe na rozwój własnych inicjatyw o nazwie uniwersytet ludowy w latach 2020–2023. W trzeciej części opracowania autorzy omówili założenia własnego projektu badaw- czego nad uniwersytetami ludowymi, wraz z pierwszym komunikatem z przebiegu prac badawczych.
EN
The article presents selected information about the Folk High Schools Development Programme for 2020–2030 and also presents an attempt to organize an empirical study aimed at determining the current state of development of folk universities in Poland. The sketch presents, among others: basic information about the Programme and its main assumptions, as well as summary statements regarding both entities interested in obtaining support under it and current beneficiaries who received financial support for the development of their own initiatives called folk high school from this Programme during the years 2020–2023. In the third part of the study, the authors included the assumptions of their own research project on contemporary Polish folk high schools, along with the first report on the course of research work.
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