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Cybersecurity in the European Union

100%

Wołyniec J.

Prawo i Polityka

2019

issue 9

31-44

Because of the asymmetric nature of cyber threats and the dynamics of their evolution, there is a tendency for a growing role of security cooperation activities in cyberspace through joint efforts of states and non-state actors in international relations. New challenges and threats caused by the global pandemic are linked with an increased internet activity. The recent spread of fake news related to COVID-19 illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus might be seen as part of sharp power disinformation strategy applied by state actors. International organisations serve as a forum for discussion to disseminate and analyse knowledge about cybersecurity and the effects of cyber threats, they are at the same time creators of common principles of prevention, legal and institutional solutions, and are complementary to the activities of states in this field. By adopting the regional level of analysis as its methodological perspective, the article shows a natural evolution of cybersecurity means from the time of the 1990s and early 2000s when the focus was set on computer and cyberspace as a tool of serious and organised crime, through the stage when computer crime was endangering cyberspace of the EU Member States, to the period when finally the EU objectives were to achieve an open, safe and secure cyberspace keeping in mind the importance of raising awareness and acquiring skills and knowledge how to avoid or face cyber threats. At the early stages of establishing the EU cybersecurity policy, the documents focused on definitions and identifications of threats and trends. Later stages included organising institutional and legal framework, and setting up specialised institutions, centres and teams. Not only did the understanding of cyber-related issues changed but also the response of the EU to cyber threats. The transition is from the soft law instruments (recommendations) such as guidelines, communications, declarations, roadmaps, actions plans, and strategies towards more hard law instruments (obligations) such as directives and other legislative acts. The character of directives has also changed – from directives on cyber-related issues to those characterised as cyber-oriented, each being more ambitious than the previous one. The complete appraisal of the effectiveness of the EU cyber security policy is impeded by a specific nature of cyberspace and its security, as well as problems with gathering appropriate data.

Reakcja Wielkiej Brytanii na cyberataki

100%

Wołyniec J.

Teka Komisji Politologii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych

2018

vol. 13

issue 2

The paper addresses the cyber security issue of the United Kingdom from the perspective of governmental institutions responsible for combating threats coming from cyberspace. The first part of the article presents a catalogue of cyber threats facing various entities in the United Kingdom. In addition, the features of cyberspace that particularly strengthen its vulnerability to these threats are indicated. The second part of the article focuses on presenting institutions and organizations and their actions that are directly or indirectly responsible for cyber security in the UK. First, it focuses on organizations solely responsible for cyber security: from special services (GCHQ), to the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), to specialized units operating within these organizations. The article then focuses on other agencies and units operating within government structures, which are related to the Home Office, the Foreign Office and the Ministry of Defence. These include the National Crime Agency, the police, intelligence and counter-intelligence. The paper also presents initiatives of ministries related to social policy, digitization, culture, media, business and enterprises, the protection of which is one of the priorities highlighted in the UK cyber security strategy.

W artykule podjęto kwestię cyberbezpieczeństwa Wielkiej Brytanii z perspektywy działań rządowych instytucji odpowiedzialnych za zwalczanie zagrożeń płynących z cyberprzestrzeni. W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono katalog zagrożeń płynących z cyberprzestrzeni, z którymi zmagają się różne podmioty w Wielkiej Brytanii. Ponadto wskazano na te cechy cyberprzestrzeni, które szczególnie wzmacniają jej podatność na wspomniane zagrożenia. W drugiej części artykułu scharakteryzowano instytucje i organizacje oraz ich zakres działań bezpośrednich lub pośrednich w kwestii bezpieczeństwa cybernetycznego w Wielkiej Brytanii. Najpierw skupiono się na organizacjach wyłącznie odpowiedzialnych za cyberbezpieczeństwo: począwszy od służb specjalnych (GCHQ), przez Narodowe Centrum Cyberbezpieczeństwa (NCSC), skończywszy na wyspecjalizowanych jednostkach działających w ramach tych organizacji. Następnie zaprezentowano agencje i jednostki działające w strukturach rządowych związanych z resortem spraw wewnętrznych, spraw zagranicznych i obrony, takich jak Narodowa Agencja ds. Przestępczości, policja, wywiad i kontrwywiad cywilny i wojskowy. Przedstawiono również inicjatywy resortów związanych z polityką społeczną, cyfryzacją, kulturą, mediami oraz biznesem i przedsiębiorstwami, których ochrona jest jednym z priorytetów wspominanych w brytyjskiej strategii cyberbezpieczeństwa.

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Cybersecurity in the European Union

Reakcja Wielkiej Brytanii na cyberataki