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PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest teoria etycznej retoryki Izokratesa, słusznie uważanego za prekursora idei etyki komunikacji lingwistycznej. Autor artykułu koncentruje się na następujących aspektach zagadnienia: kwestii prawdy i odpowiedzialności za słowo, etycznym postępowaniu retora, jego zaangażowaniu politycznym, sympatii do innych ludzi, własnej nieustającej aktywności umysłowej i wreszcie jego trosce o stylistyczną i eufoniczną jakość przekazu. Ostatnie uwagi dotyczą problemu, czy Izokrates rzeczywiście przestrzegał zasad retorycznych, które głosił.
EN
The subject of the article is the theory of ethically-based rhetorics of Isocrates, rightly regarded as the precursor of the idea of lingustic communication ethics. The author of the article focuses on the following aspects of the issue: the question of truth and taking responsibility for one’s words, the ethical conduct of rhetorician, his political involvement, his sympathy towards other people, his self-imposed regular mental activity and finally his care for stylistic and eufonic quality of his message. The final remarks concern the problem whether Isocrates actually followed the rhetoric principles he proclaimed.
PL
Izokrates w swym Liście do Aleksandra rekomenduje jeden z dwóch modeli kształcenia, jakie przedstawia, inny natomiast uznaje za pośledniejszy. Problem stanowi to, przeciw komu zwraca się, oceniając jako mniej wartą dydaktykę opierającą się na prowadzeniu sporów (τὴν περὶ τὰς ἔριδας), czyli erystyczną. Autor artykułu występuje przeciw ogólnie przyjętej interpretacji listu, w myśl której krytyczny sąd Izokratesa skierowany jest przeciwko uprawianemu w Akademii erystycznemu modelowi kształcenia, jaki ma stosować Arystoteles sprawujący opiekę pedagogiczną nad Aleksandrem, a niska ocena tego programu jest głosem w rozgrywce między Izokratesem a Platonem – konkurentami na polu kształcenia młodzieży. Przedstawiony materiał pozwala na stwierdzenie, że zarówno Izokrates, który dość starannie rozgranicza „filozofię” erystyczną oraz nauki, jakie uprawiają akademicy, jak też sam Platon odżegnujący się od wszelkiej erystyki, nie dają swymi deklaracjami żadnych podstaw ku temu, by utożsamiać kształcenie akademickie z erystyką, może natomiast utożsamiać się z nią w jakiejś mierze to, co jako dydaktyk oferuje młodemu Aleksandrowi Arystoteles. Arystoteles bowiem, po odejściu z Akademii, realizuje własny już program pajdeutyczny, na który poza przygotowaniem ogólnym, również bliskim Izokratesowi przygotowaniem retorycznym, składa się także owa umiejętność wygrywania sporów. Zarówno przygana, jak i aprobata wobec określonej linii kształcenia, wyrażane w Liście do Aleksandra, odnoszą się wobec powyższego do programu nauczania, jaki realizuje Arystoteles, a zalecany przyszłemu władcy wybór dotyczy jedynie pewnych ”wewnętrznych” preferencji i orientacji w tym szerokim zakresie materiałowym.
EN
In his letter to Alexander Isocrates presents and speaks in favour of one of two educational models, considering inferior the one he does not advocate for. Against whom he directs his critical evaluation of eristic didactics based on the art of disputation (τὴν περὶ τὰς ἔριδας) is the issue to discuss. The author of this article argues against the common interpretation of the letter, according to which Isocrates expresses his negative opinion on the eristic pedagogy of Platonic Academy, that is applied by Aristotle, the teacher of Alexander, as his educational model. The material as presented in the article leads to the conclusion that both critisism and approval of a certain educational model found in the letter to Alexander may be referred to Aristotle’s teaching program, while the choice recommended to the future ruler concerns only some ‘internal’ preferences and the general knowledge in the subject.
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
|
2022
|
vol. 13
|
issue 1
137-168
EN
The article deals with several issues related to the concept of happiness that emerge from Plato’s triptych: the Gorgias, the Republic and the Laws. The focus is on (1) the question of the alleged overcoming of the eudaimonistic imperative, i.e., natural human pursuit of happiness, in the didactic message of the Republic; (2) the question of to what extent the path of cognition ending in the contemplation of the perfect being is at the same time a strive for the supreme happiness; (3) the dilemma of choosing between a reductive and a cumulative model of complete satisfaction in human life; and finally (4) the problem of affiliative conditions of full life satisfaction.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2021
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vol. 69
|
issue 3
7-30
EN
The author of the article focuses on the mysterious vision of the ideal state, attributed to Hippodamus of Miletus (who lived before Plato), and is known from the testimonies of Aristotle (Politics 1267b22-1268a14) and Stobaeus (Florilegium IV, 1, 93, 1 sqq.). The author shows a possible coherence between those testimonies generally considered to be divergent, as well as a more far-reaching coherence between the political concept and the urban planning projects of Hippodamus (known mainly as an architect who designed the way a number of cities at the time were developed), which implemented the model of a welfare state, whose infrastructure was adapted for the needs of all citizens. The final part of the article is devoted to the influence of the political concept of Hippodamus on the Platonic vision of an ideal polis; this influence-contrary to frequently expressed opinions-does not in any way clearly indicate its presence in Politeia of Plato, who seems to emphasize his independence and originality of the political solutions he presents.
PL
Autor artykułu skupia się na zagadkowej wizji państwa idealnego, przypisywanej żyjącemu przed Platonem Hippodamosowi z Miletu, a znanej dzięki przekazom Arystotelesa (Polityka 1267b22-1268a14) oraz Stobajosa (Florilegium IV, 1, 93, 1 nn.). Wykazuje istnienie możliwej koherencji między tymi uznawanymi z reguły za rozbieżne świadectwami, a także dalej idącej koherencji między koncepcją politologiczną a projektami urbanistycznymi Hippodamosa (znanego przede wszystkim jako architekt – twórca zabudowy szeregu ówczesnych miast), realizującymi model państwa opiekuńczego, dostosowanego infrastrukturalnie do potrzeb ogółu obywateli. Końcowa część artykułu poświęcona jest kwestii oddziaływania koncepcji ustrojowej Hippodamosa na Platońską wizję idealnej polis, który to wpływ – wbrew głoszonym niejednokrotnie opiniom – nie zaznacza w żaden wyraźny sposób swojej obecności w Politei Platona, zdającego się podkreślać swą niezależność i oryginalność przedstawianych przez siebie rozwiązań ustrojowych.
PL
The purpose of this paper is to present and evaluate the studies in Plato’s Cratylus performed by Witold Stefański, which resulted in several articles concerning this dialogue and its translation into Polish. While the interpretation of this dialogue offered by the author may be called into question, the dialogue’s translation remains undoubtedly an excellent piece of work.
EN
Having analysed Cicero’s opinions about wild animals demonstrated in some of his works (De finibus bonorum et malorum; De natura deorum; Tusculanae disputationes), we may conclude that on the one hand a human as a rational being is definitely opposed to other living creatures that just follow their carnal instincts, on the other hand even among representatives of various species of animals one can observe behaviour to some extent rational, or even “ethical”, that make them similar to human beings. We may explain this phenomenon with the concept based on the Stoic doctrine of rational or even somehow divine character of nature that contains in itself elements of gradation, and allows the presence of divine ratio in particular beings to differ in intensity, what locates animals in the hierarchy of beings slightly lower than the humans.
PL
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EN
The article addresses the question whether it is a proper opinion to consider Isocrates a sophist as many commentators claim. In his analysis the author refers to the passages in which the rhetor expresses his negative judgments about the opinions and actions performed by the sophists. The author examines also the circumstances in which Isocrates defends the members of this movement, as he finds it a beneficial way to protect also himself from many false and malicious statements. In conclusion, Isocrates is considered to have a unique status as a sophist and to be a philosopher who aspires to the role of the spiritual leader of the Greeks of that time.
EN
The author of this article discusses the question to what extent Lucius Annaeus Seneca – born in Hispania, and today exceptionally venerated in this country as a precursor of the “Spanish” mentality – felt he belonged to this land, and to what extent his feelings towards it were expressed in his writings. An analysis of his creative output leads to the conclusion that he felt little affection for the land of Hispania, since in his writings there are almost no references to it, and perhaps the only trace of his connection with his native country is his youthful epigram Ad Cordubam, in which, however, he shows more warmth towards himself than towards the city. The perceived lack of any more significant declarations of “Spanish” nationality, however, does not so much testify to his pettiness as to his stoic distance from the ethnic and political barriers that divide the community of mankind that constitutes a whole for him.
PL
W odcinku platońskiego dialogu "Fajdros" poświęconym krytyce pisma wypowiadana jest myśl przeciwstatwiająca prostoduszność słuchaczy dawnej wyroczni wybrednym upodobaniom młodych: Młodym nie wystarcza wysłuchać prawdy, oceniają też osobę mówiącego (275b5-c2). Przedstawione rozważanie zmierza do uzasadnienia obecności w kontekście dialogu tej uwagi, pozornie odchodzącej treścią od platońskiej krytyki pisma: Dostrzegana ironia wypowiedzi, skierowana zarówno przeciw młodym entuzjastom mowy pisanej, jak i przeciw łatwowiernym słuchaczom wieszczych przepowiedni, godzi w istocie w każdą formę słownego przekazu uniemożliwiającą wymianę myśli między jego uczestnikami. Zwraca się przeciw wszelkiemu wypowiedzeniu myśli – zapisanemu bądż nie – stającemu się dla odbiorców niekwestionowanym orzeczeniem wyroczni. Platońska tzw. krytyka pisma dotyczy również mowy nieutrwalonej graficznie, a ograniczającej aktywność odbiorcy.
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Platońska filozofia mowy

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In Platonicis scriptis expressae ad vocabuli dicendique rectitudinem pertinentes animadversiones hac in commentatiuncula tractantur. Quae pars philosophiae Platonis in principiis congruentem se praebet cum placitis nostrae aetatis: Secundum utramque sententiam destinata sunt verba rebus indicandis et docendis alius ab alio hominibus. Quidquid eorum ope enuntiatur, vertit semper ad eum, qui sermonem excipit, nec non ad rem verbis edictis subiectam.
EN
In his Panathenaic speech, Isocrates contrasts his own teaching program with traditional models of Greek education, both the earlier one and the more scientific one that is favoured in his times: his aim is to form the minds of students in such a manner that they can seize any opportunity that comes along, that in the social intercourse they always remain indulgent and patient, and – what seems the most important here – that they become able to endure both luck and misfortune with courage and appreciate not the things obtained merely by chance, but the ones gained by their toil and effort (Panath. 30–32). And Isocrates’ respect to steadily working mind becomes even greater with time: the result of such a labour must be some prudence (“phronesis”) – the aim of every justly conceived education. Isocrates’ “phronesis” is not Platonic excellence of mind, permanent and always the same, it is the skill and talent of discovering how to adjust to changing public affairs, but at the same time it shall remain constant and unchangeable in its imperative good – the benefit of Athens and its citizens.
EN
The subject of this study is how and in what scope Ovid uses the terms of blackness (ater, niger, pullus, piceus, fuscus) occurring in Latin in his Metamorphoses. Particular attention is paid to those places in the poem where this blackness enhances the dynamics of the situations described by the poet, gaining at the same time a specific axiological qualification, and also justifies through its presence the conventional use of the colour as an expression of mourning. This non-typical usage of the terms mentioned above leads to the conclusion that in this aspect of his poetic creativity, Ovid depicts the mythical reality he presents in an absolutely non-imitative manner, but rather full of at times surprising expressionistic colour associations.The subject of this study is how and in what scope Ovid uses the terms of blackness (ater, niger, pullus, piceus, fuscus) occurring in Latin in his Metamorphoses. Particular attention is paid to those places in the poem where this blackness enhances the dynamics of the situations described by the poet, gaining at the same time a specific axiological qualification, and also justifies through its presence the conventional use of the colour as an expression of mourning. This non-typical usage of the terms mentioned above leads to the conclusion that in this aspect of his poetic creativity, Ovid depicts the mythical reality he presents in an absolutely non-imitative manner, but rather full of at times surprising expressionistic colour associations.
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