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Possibilities and limitations of research methods of the social structure in the Roman Iron Age in Poland

100%
Gryzińska-Sawicka N.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2015
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vol. 20
181-194
PL
The question of structure of prehistoric communities constitutes an interesting, yet challenging research problem. Most often it is analyzed from the perspective of the equipment of individuals buried it cemeteries. Researchers dealing with the Roman period, largely base their studies on the qualitative and quantitative diversity of funerary material, assume that the richly furnished graves belonged to rich people (elites), and poorly equipped – respectively – to the poor. They take into account the present value of materials of which objects were made (gold, silver), even though they may not have been as significant as they are today. A major problem in the study of social structure turns out to be the poorly preserved bone material which often prevents anthropologists from determining sex and age of the deceased. The solution could be found in the study of fossil DNA, able to answer questions about the possible existence of kinship and family sectors in the cemeteries. What is more, the study of stable isotopes of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon, although not without limitations, can support archeology in finding answers to questions if diet could be related to social status (or dependent on sex, age, wealth, etc.). Finally, in the study of social structure, the research on divisions arising from labor and its distribution according to sex is also used. In the studies of social structure it is crucial to realize that burial is an intentional action, which is influenced by the aspirations of family members of the deceased, grief, emotions related to death, and even current “fashion”. Therefore, asking questions about the social structure and using methods which are to help obtain the answers, what we really ask about is the attitude of the living towards the deceased and death itself, as well as their own idea of the afterlife.
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Próba modelowego ujęcia gospodarki na Pomorzu we wczesnym okresie rzymskim

100%
Gryzińska-Sawicka N.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
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2012
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vol. 60
83-105
EN
This paper is an attempt to present the economy in Pomerania in the Early Roman Period applying a model that was used before by J. Ostoja-Zagórski and M. Henneberg for fortified settlements of the Biskupin type. It is also an attempt to answer the question of whether the exploitation of the environment and the need to find new areas to settle were the cause of the migration of the population of Pomerania to the south-east. The hypothesis constructed in the course of research is that the exploitation of the environment was not the cause of “the relocations of the population”. First, the average size of a single group of people living in Pomerania in the Early Roman Period was established, as well as and the amount of time that such a group could spend on working in a year, depending on whether the day work lasted 6, 8 or 10 hours. The efficiency of agriculture, farming, gathering and hunting, as well as of non-agricultural activities has been checked. The approximate duration of activities related to these branches of economy has been also determined. In summary, the time required to complete each activity has been compared to the time the population had at its disposal throughout the year. The results of the analysis have enabled to prove the hypothesis formulated at the beginning, that non-economic factors, rather than the economical difficulties in living in that area, were the cause of migrations of a part of the population from Pomerania to the south-east in the B2/C1 phase.
3
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Interpretując przeszłość – próby poznańskiej archeologii eksperymentalnej epoki kamienia w Biskupinie

63%
Gryzińska-Sawicka N., Sawicki Ł.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2014
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vol. 19
253-266
PL
The paper presents the results of an experimental study carried out in the Biskupin Archaeological Museum by several archaeology students of the Institute of Prehistory at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. The project was managed by Katarzyna Pyżewicz PhD. The study, undertaken between 2008 and 2010, included making frames of huts, covering them with cane, as well as creating and using the replicas of the Stone Age tools. The purpose of all experiments was to attempt to answer the questions: how Mesolithic dwellings could have looked like, whether it seems reasonable to try to create “reconstructions” of them, what techniques and types of tools were used to build them, and how effective they really were. The purpose of the study was also to review established theories concerning the Mesolithic dwellings from the Polish Lowland and to draw attention to the cognitive valour of an experiment in archaeology.
4
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Kafel z wyobrażeniem Madonny z Dzieciątkiem. Z badań archeologicznych na poznańskim Ostrowie Tumskim

63%
Gryzińska-Sawicka N., Poklewska-Koziełł M.
Ecclesia. Studia z Dziejów Wielkopolski
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2014
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issue 9
91-108
EN
The focus of the article is a stove tile with the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Child, discovered during archaeological works in the interior of the house of canons number 6 on the cathedral island (Ostrów Tumski) in Poznań. The authors give a brief overview of the subject matter connected with antique stove tiles found during excavations and put forward the thesis that the images on them were inspired by sculptures of the turn of the 15th and 16th century, especially the so called Beautiful Madonna sculptures. The authors also refer to other findings of stove tiles with various images of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Child from the territory of Poland. They discuss a wide range of examples of everyday religiousness and indicate that stoves built with tiles with religious motifs are manifestations of such commonplace  devotion.
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