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Filozoficzno-prawne aspekty uzasadnienia prawa do równości w edukacji

100%
Leś T., Kozak M.
Parezja. Czasopismo Forum Młodych Pedagogów przy Komitecie Nauk Pedagogicznych PAN
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2015
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vol. 2
PL
W artykule została dokonana analiza problematyki uzasadniania prawa do równości w edukacji (rozumiane jako prawo do równości do bycia edukowanym). Prezentowane analizy dotyczą wybranych kwestii związanych z tym zagadnieniem, takich jak: problem relacyjności i normatywności pojęcia równości i prawa do edukacji; problem możliwości uzasadnienia prawa do równości w edukacji; uzasadnienie wspomnianego prawa w ustawodawstwie polskim i międzynarodowym. Zaznacza się również wybrane kwestie historyczne (tj. próby uzasadnienia prawa do równości w edukacji na gruncie szeroko rozumianej myśli filozoficznej) i praktyczne (tj. bariery w jego realizacji).
EN
In the article the analysis of the issues of justification of the right for equality in education has been presented (understood as the right for equality in being educated). Presented analyses refer to some issues related to this topic, such as the problem of relational and normative notions of equality and the right for education; the problem of the possibility of justifying the right for equality in education; justification of that law in the Polish and international legislation. Selected historical issues (i.e. attempts to justify the right for equality in education on the basis of the broader philosophical thoughts) and practical issues (i.e. the barriers in its implementation) have been also emphasized.
2
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Doświadczenia Unii Europejskiej w liberalizowaniu krajowych rynków energii elektrycznej i gazu

100%
Kozak M., Sanderski A., Departament Integracji Europejskiej i Studiów Porównawczych U. R. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2004
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vol. 174
EN
It became necessary to liberalise or introduce competition principles to the electric energy and gas sectors due to their organisational form (monopolies) and burdens carried by their customers. Generally speaking, the liberalisation process in most EU countries was commenced when the directive concerning common principles governing the internal electricity market No. 96/92/EC and the directive concerning common principles of the internal gas market No. 98/30/EC were adopted. The directives regulated, in particular, such issues as transmission, distribution and trade in electric energy and gas, principles of organisation of sectors, a principle of access to the market (negotiated access to the system, regulated access to the system, and the single buyer model), rights and duties of distribution systems operators. The directives introduced a principle of gradual opening oľ markets, however, some member countries decided to accept considerably bigger quantities in comparison with those specified in the directives. Implementation of provisions contained in the directives released a downward trend in dynamics of electric energy and gas prices in most member countries. Despite it the introduction of competition rules to these sectors comes across difficulties. It is due not only to technical barriers (lack of a sufficient number of cross-border links) but also, for instance, to the fact that electric energy and gas are treated as goods the access to which should be guaranteed for all those interested in it. An additional problem is also the cost of access to a network, level and differentiation of transmission charges (post stamp model, distance charges, zone payments) in particular countries, which leads to the pancaking of transmission charges. It should be noted that liberalisation brings about major changes in economic situation of particular companies operating in the market of electric energy and gas, which involves their restructuring and primarily reduction of employment in these sectors. The liberalisation process is spread over years and necessitates numerous adjustments in organisational and legal fields. Its expression is a cycle of regulators’ meetings focussed on assessing steps taken by the member countries.
3
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Ograniczenia konkurencji w porozumieniach wertykalnych – czy jest miejsce na badanie skutku? Uwagi w świetle ostatniego orzecznictwa sądów polskich i TSUE

81%
Górna K., Kozak M., Wawruch A.
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 7
93-115
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie aktualnej praktyki orzeczniczej polskich sądów powszechnych oraz TSUE dotyczącej porozumień zakazanych ze względu na cel lub ze względu na skutek. W artykule omówiono orzeczenia, których tre ść potwierdza, że w przypadku braku możliwości uznania porozumienia za ograniczające konkurencję ze względu na cel konieczne jest przeprowadzenia rozbudowanej analizy otoczenia ekonomiczno-prawnego porozumienia dla oceny jego ewentualnych antykonkurencyjnych skutków. Przeprowadzona analiza prowadzi do wniosków, że w orzecznictwie wciąż zauwa żalna jest tendencja do zacierania granicy pomiędzy tymi dwoma rodzajami porozumień i przyjmowania uproszczeń zakładających, że jeśli nie ma pewności co do zasadności kwali fikacji porozumienia jako zakazanego ze względu na cel, równolegle wykazuje się jego antykonkurencyjne skutki.
EN
The subject of this article is to examine the current judicial practice of Polish common courts and the ECJ on the agreements that restrict competition by object or by effect. The article discusses the decisions and judgements, the content of which confirms that in the absence of that agreement to be restrictive of competition by object, it is necessary to carry out an extensive analysis of the economic and legal environment of the agreement for the assessment of its possible anti-competitive effects. The analysis leads to the conclusion that in the recent case law there is still a noticeable tendency to blur the boundary between these two types of anti-competitive agreements and a tendency to adopt simplifications assuming that if there is no certainty as to the validity of the qualification of an agreement as violation "by object", its anti-competitive effects are shown.
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