This article presents the genesis and the organizational structure of the Jewish public libraries (also referred to as secular or modern in the literature) in interwar Poland (1918-1939). The origins of these institutions date back to the 19th century and are associated with the Haskalah movement. Due to the strong opposition of the Orthodox Jews and local authorities, the majority of the first libraries were established secretly and run illegally on private premises. Against what were then the odds, progress prevailed and the libraries flourished in the interwar period. In 1937 it was estimated that there were approximately 1,000 Jewish public libraries in Poland.
„Hucpa/chucpa” jest wyrazem niezwykle często używanym w polskim dyskursie politycznym. Odczytanie właściwego znaczenia tej jednostki leksykalnej może jednak sprawić trudność ze względu na niejasność definicji słownikowych, które składają się z szeregu synonimicznych eksplikacji. Stąd celem niniejszego tekstu jest wskazanie problemów pojawiających się podczas analizy semantycznej leksemu „hucpa/chucpa”, następnie zaś nakreślenie rozwiązań leksykograficznych.
EN
"Hucpa/chucpa" is a word commonly used in a contemporary political discourse. Unfortunately, a dictionary user is not able to understand the concept of this notion while definitions submitted in Polish dictionaries are unclear and consist of multiple synonymic explications. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to recognize the problems existing within the semantic analysis of this notion and, secondly, to give alternative solutions for lexicographers describing "hucpa/chucpa" in monolingual dictionaries.
The article describes differences between the theoretical model of academic lecture establi- shed in Polish linguistics and the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the corpus of authentic utterances. The language of academic lecture is determined mainly by the primacy of its didactic function. However, the results of the analysis demonstrate that the genre also comprises other communicative patterns typical, for example, of written academic discourse or the oral language. Thus the conclusions of the paper illuminate the ways generic models are constructed. The necessity to take into account authentic utterances and secondary communicative influences is strongly emphasized.
Usage and lexicographical practice (example of the verb dedykować ‘to dedicate’ in modern Polish)The purpose of this paper is to analyze the contemporary usage of the Polish verb dedykować (to dedicate) and its participle dedykowany (dedicated). During last few years under the influence of English semantics and pragmatics this verb became one of the most popular words in the Polish marketing and IT jargon. The data provided by the National Corpus of Polish enables to state that the contemporary usage of the verb differs significantly from the semantic description published in the dictionaries of Polish. Therefore the scope of this paper is to promote the corpus driven approach to the lexicography. Since the new meaning of the analyzed verb is an English borrowing the paper deals also with the problem of adjusting English morphological patterns to the rules of Slavic verbal inflexion. As it can be observed in the text this grammatical divergence leads in the case of new borrowings to the widely diversified and unstable language usage. Uzus a praktyka leksykograficzna (na przykładzie czasownika dedykować we współczesnej polszczyźnie)Celem artykułu jest analiza występujących we współczesnej polszczyźnie użyć czasownika dedykować. Szczególną uwagę językoznawców zwróciły w jego przypadku neologizmy semantyczne typu dedykowany, których nowe znaczenie, znamienne dla języka marketingu oraz profesjolektu informatycznego, zapożyczone zostało z języka angielskiego. Dane korpusowe umożliwiły stwierdzenie, że czasownik ten używany jest również w innych znaczeniach, nieoddanych dotychczas w odpowiedni sposób w słownikach współczesnego języka polskiego, zaś same neosemantyzmy cechuje niezwykle rozchwiany pod względem semantycznym oraz składniowym uzus.
This paper aims to describe the new meaning of the word lemming. This meaning appeared during lastyears in Polish political discourse. It is used to characterize young liberals, especially corporate employees.The first part of this paper is devoted to the various definitions of the word lemming in Polish and Englishlexicography. This comparison enables to present various strategies of dealing with figurative meanings andassociative components of meanings. In the second part the evolution of the new meaning in contemporaryPolish has been shown.