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The United States and Austria in 1932-1945

100%
Marczewska-Zagdanska H.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
|
2005
|
vol. 40
83-111
EN
At the peace conference ending WW I, the decisions made by the Allied Powers (including the USA) included the dissolution of Austro-Hungary, to be replaced by the so called succession states: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Yugoslavia, and Poland. President Wilson although not convinced about the correctness of this step finally supported the Allies arbitrary decision to establish the Republic of Austria and reject the Austrian postulates about a union with Germany or the creation of a German Republic of Austria. Politically and economically weak, Austria was now situated amidst a 'Balkanised' Europe and became its weak spot, threatened by the rivalry between Hitler and Mussolini. The United States, which during the 1930s only observed the events in Europe from afar, were favourably inclined towards all attempts at reinforcing Austria by including her into the wider economic system of the Danube countries. In 1938 the Roosevelt Administration neither condemned nor recognised the 'Anschluss', although for purely practical reasons it de facto acknowledged its consequences. During the WW II, the Americans once again became interested in Austria. The idea of a Danube federation, conceived as a remake of the Austria-Hungarian monarchy, was revived. The Moscow declaration of 1943 and Stalin's enmity towards supra-state structures put an end to all monarchic and federation ideas. From that time, the Great Three, which had annulled the 'Anschluss', embarked upon rebuilding an independent and democratic Austria within pre-1938 frontiers. The fundamental Allied objective was to separate Austria from Germany, followed by de-Nazification, demilitarisation, democratic elections, and the appointment of a cabinet. Initially, the United States did not intend to participate in a military occupation of Austria. This initial intention was not altered until December 1944, in the wake of Soviet victories and the consolidation of Soviet domination in Eastern Europe. Separate negotiations concerned the provisional Renner government established in the Soviet occupation zone, which the Americans recognised only after its reorganisation and considerable expansion. Democratic elections under the supervision of the Powers, the appointment of a new government, and a total defeat of the communists closed the first period in the history of the Second Republic.
2

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE SOVIET-FINNISH WAR OF 1939-1940

100%
Marczewska-Zagdanska H.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2005
|
issue 2
21-39
EN
In the USA and particularly among American society, Soviet aggression against Finland (30 November 1939) produced an unexpected lively reaction - sympathy, understanding and support for the small, 4 million-strong nation in the distant north. This truly extraordinary response proved to be unique: the initially considerable involvement of the Roosevelt Administration in support of 'brave little Finland' seemed to forecast a general change in American policy towards the Soviet Union. Already during the early days of the war, American society immediately initiated the organisation of a relief campaign and money collections for medications, dressings, blankets and children's clothes. The funds were gathered at specially organised festivities, concerts, shows, lectures and competitions. Numerous American politicians and Congressmen urged such forms of protest and drastic steps towards the Kremlin as withdrawing the American ambassador from Moscow, or severing diplomatic relations. Some spoke in favour of US diplomatic steps on the international forum aimed at excluding the Soviet Union from the League of Nations. President Roosevelt and Secretary of State Hull appeared to be embarrassed by this outcry, even more so considering that the Administration itself was also rent by heated discussions. The government in Helsinki, grateful for the American support campaign, attempted to obtain credit for arms and munitions. The decisions made by the Congress ultimately proved unsatisfactory for the Finnish side. After numerous weeks of debates and competence disputes between the executive and legislative authorities, the Capitol decided to grant credit considerably smaller than the anticipated sum and, additionally, not to be intended for the purchase of arms. At the time, America ineffectively tried to combine two mutually exclusive ideas : involvement and wide assistance for Finland, together with restrictions vis a vis Russia, on the one hand, and the heretofore isolationism, neutrality and traditional American distance from all wars, on the other hand.
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