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PL
The purpose of this paper is to discuss extreme views on the sign (interpretable, hermeneutic) character of “humanist objects”, the so called artefacts, and the abuse of methodological choices which produce them. Apart from several introductory sen-tences, I shall remain, however, concerned with these objects, the thing in itself, rather than pseudo-philosophical meanderings “beyond the thing”. Simply, I would like to provide several examples, arguments against the criticised views.inning of the 1930s. Some of the travellers visited the state seeking to be reassured in their negative opinion. Others, in contrast, went there convinced that they travelled to a country of universal social justice. However, they did not realise to what an extent the programme of their visit depended on the Soviet propaganda machine. The combined reading of texts by Antoni Słonimski, Andre Gide, Melchior Wańkowicz and Bernard Shaw shows the USSR as a country whose directions of development are difficult to foresee.
PL
Recenzja książki Jerzego Szczepańskiego "Działalność społeczna rodziny Gałęzowskich na emigracji Polskiej we Francji na przełomie XIX i XX wieku"
PL
rec. książki F.  Tuczyński, Ofiary zabobonu. Powieść obyczajowa z czasów polskich XVII [sic!] stulecia. Do druku podali, z oryginałem skoligacili A. Frąckowiak i B. Krakowski [;] Wstęp D. Jung [;] Ilustracje D. Sierzchulski [;] Gmina Kiszkowo 2012, 130 s.
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EN
A nomothetic character of philological researches, suggested by the quoted authors, requires - if we stay for satisfying at last some main methodological criteria of scientific validity - a publication, a diffusion of texts which are supposed to inform about these researches. They are metatexts from nature of things, the very "texts" being their subjects. However, these subject-texts are included, also as quotations, and thus, they are also published and diffused. The logical and deontological problem is, that among them may (and even must) appear some morally reprehensible texts. The latter, in their nature, become such (or increase their negative character) precisely as a result of publication and diffusion. Does a philologist act in reprehensible manner?
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EN
In our times, if one speaks about authority or power insignia and rituals, one usually thinks about visual signs, gestures or behaviour, no matter how durable or ephemeral they are. Nevertheless, the verbal behaviour, the verbal formula in fact, still remain the principal determinants of political power, as it was centuries ago, and they continue having their character of both ritual and insignia. Among many types of verbal formulae, our attention is focused on those, which present a performative function in the act of speech: they create (or modify) a given factual state of affair, a fragment of reality. They act not only through the principal verbal communication code (speech), but also through its written sub-code. It seems obvious that the linguistic insignia of authority and power have always been destined particularly for social (maybe also political) elites, for the upper classes; the visual insignia, as easier to communicate, were rather (and still are) intended for being communicated to the wide popular (lower) classes. The primacy of language, however, appears also in the fact that the majority of visual signs (and symbols) require a sort of linguistically expressed convention (rules of interpretation), but the verbal formulae do not need any illustration.
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