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1
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Polityka Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej wobec państw Afryki: strategia pięciu zasad

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Gemechu D. K.
Forum Politologiczne
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2008
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vol. 8 - Współczesny Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych - rywalizacja i mocarstwowość
157-176
EN
This article focuses on the new policy of China towards Africa. Over the past 50 years, Sino - African relations was based on ideological reasons, but in recent years, rather there is the growing interest of economic factors. The new strategy of five principles, designed as the guide line to cooperate with African states is to fulfil this goal. These include: mutual respect, for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence. The ultimate goal of this principle is based on diplomatic offensive to strengthen political, economic and strategic relations with African countries. This strategy is motivated by great demand of energy for the booming economy of China, which led to seek oil and other raw materials from Africa. The China - Africa cooperation Forum was established in 2000. The cooperation forum was the result of collective dialogue to promote peace and development based on mutual benefit. The second Ministerial Conference of the China - Africa cooperation Forum that was held in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), in December 2003, adopted the Action Plan (2004-2006) to be implemented within three years. The two sides have further agreed to step up their high-level exchanges and political consultations and will also jointly work on the issues of peace and security, trade cooperation, cultural exchanges and to enhance coordination in international affairs. So far, the leaders of Africa are satisfied with cooperation, which guarantees them to keep them in power; on the other hand for the vast majority of the people of Africa, the new power is not better than those of the colonial power. Recently, Chinese economic expansion is growing very fast in Africa. Traditional economic partners of the continent are worried about the situation. Competition among economic powers to retain their position may undermine the issues of human rights and democracy.
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Pozycja i miejsce Etopii jako mocarstwa regionalnego a stosunki z sąsiadami

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Gemechu D. K.
Forum Politologiczne
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2012
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vol. 13 - "Stare" i "nowe" mocarstwa w Afryce - stygmaty kulturowe, religijne, polityczne, ekonomiczne i społeczne
597-614
EN
Ethiopia is the strongest regional power among the states of the Horn of Africa. It is the second most populous country on the continent. This article refers to the past and recent relations with neighbors of Ethiopia, regarding its dominant position. The military intervention in Somalia, the war with Eritrea and their post war relations, peacekeeping mission in the Republic of South Sudan and other relations at the regional level are thoroughly analyzed. Ethiopia deployed hundreds of its troops in Somalia, to oust rebel insurgents in 2006. Chaos and violence in the country, frag- mentation of the population along clan and sub-clan lines gave Ethiopia strong position to freely operate in Somalia without significant resistance. Generally Ethiopia withdrew its troops in 2009,but it returned several times with small scale troops. Another victory for Ethiopia was noted after the war between Ethiopia and Eritrea from 1998-2000 that claimed numerous injuries, dislocation of innocent citizens and left thousands dead. Following the weak- ness of Somalia and then Eritrea, Ethiopian, position in the Horn of Africa became stronger. Ethiopia also involved in case of stabilization of the Sudan Conflict by sending its troops to the region of Abyei, a border between Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan. Ethiopia may keep its present dominant position in the future, if it changes its internal political system to more open and fully democratic which could lead to positive changes of political and socioeconomic situations in the region.
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Polityka religijna a zagrożenie radykalizmem w wybranych państwach Afryki

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Gemechu D. K.
Forum Teologiczne
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2015
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vol. 18 - Komunikowanie w Afryce. Endo- i egzogeniczne aspekty. Etniczność – kultura – religia
173-193
EN
The main aim of this article is to investigate relevant policy problems regarding religions and their impact on politics or vice versa, introduced by some members of religious movements and governments in Africa. The study is based on the main largest religions in Africa, Christianity and Islam and their followers. In the next few decades the African Muslim population is expected to grow at a faster rate, and this fact will have a great consequence regarding the impact of Islam which may dominate politics in Africa. Religious organizations are also engaged in launching their struggle for the control of political power; one of the best example could be successful control of governance strategy by the Islamists in Sudan, which led to persecution and imposing of Islamic law on Christians and other believers. In many African countries religions are used inappropriately for political purposes. The impact of religion is also used for manipulation. It also helps to adopt laws to fulfil the particular interests of ruling class. Religious based governments, do not respect the sphere of privacy for individuals and collective religious freedom, while they support only their religious preferences. On the other hand, they persecute and repress others. There are some signs of reinforcement of secular trends and the establishment of law guaranteeing division of religion and states in Africa. The main purpose of the linkage between religion and political power is intended to have full control over the citizens and to fight, repress or eliminate political and religious opponents.
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Stosunki polsko-etiopskie. Zarys problematyki

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Gemechu D. K.
Forum Politologiczne
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2006
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vol. 3 - Kontakty polsko-afrykańskie. Przeszłość, teraźniejszość, przyszłość
173-187
EN
This article examines the Polish-Ethiopian historical relations and problems appeared in the course of their relations. The article mainly refers to the process of efforts made to establish diplomatic, political, scientific, cultural and trade relations between the two countries to the end of 1960s. In the past, these relations were determined by the barrier of geographical distance as well as the lack of common interests of both countries. Even though, now days when the problem of distance does not appear as the major factor for multilateral relations between both countries, still the Polish-Ethiopian relations can be considered as unsatisfactory. The earlier contacts can be traced back to the period of the reign of king Jan Sobieski, who in the 17th century tried to establish the alliance of Christian countries against Turkey. Ethiopia was one of the countries he considered to contact for this purpose. The modern contacts and diplomatic relations started in 1930 during the coronation of Emperor Haile Sellasie I. During the Se¬cond World War, the Ethio-Italian conflict and pro Italian stand taken by Poland, led to the deterioration of Polish-Ethiopian relations. The diplomatic relation was renewed after the end of the Second World War. Even though different obstacles occurred in bilateral relations, and the achievements of the goals were not so satisfactory, both parties were determined to maintain their relations.
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Walka z biedą, korupcją i priorytety obronności. Dylematy współczesnej Afryki

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Gemechu D. K.
Forum Politologiczne
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2011
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vol. 12 - Problemy bogactwa i biedy we współczesnej Afryce
67-85
EN
Africa is one of the richest continents in natural resources, and yet its people are the poorest on this planet. The causes of poverty in Africa are based on various factors. The main cause is the lack efficient management of public property by corrupt and irresponsible leaders. Unfortunately it's a continent where government authorities enjoy luxury life and ordinary citizens starve. Every year Africa loses 148 billion USD because of corruption. National proper- ty is treated as the private ownership by many African leaders. Mostly leaders focus on how to safeguard, prolong their span of reign and keep their private interest. Resources are mostly diverted for the building of complex security systems, such as military, police and secret security services which is consider as their top priority. Military expenditure and political corruption have direct or indirect effect on poverty. African leaders and their allies in the Western world, banking systems which save looted money from Africa are partly responsible for the enlargement of poverty in Africa. Eradication of poverty in Africa declared by many African countries, seems to be unrealistic. Exploitation of national treasure by leaders for their private purposes, could be considered as the series problem for the development of Africa. This Article tries to analyze relations between eradication of poverty, political corruption and priority given for military expenditure by African rulers to safeguard their own interests ignoring all inclusive national development.
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Konflikty w Rogu Afryki: geneza, przebieg i skutki

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Gemechu D. K.
Forum Politologiczne
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2004
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vol. 1 - Z problemów społeczno-politycznych współczesnej Afryki subsaharyjskiej
39-64
EN
This article examines historical relations of the states and the root causes of conflicts in the contemporary Horn of Africa. The Horn of Africa includes Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Sudan. It is one of the most affected regions by conflict. During the last decades, this region has been engulfed in spiraling conflict, which caused widespread famine, disease, displacement and a great loss of life. The infrastructure and the economy of the region is also badly damaged. The intrastate conflicts are mostly caused because of the ethnic based states, where one ethnic group monopolizes every aspect of political and economic power over other ethnic groups. Although ethnicity, differences in values, religion, ideological perceptions could be mentioned, often as some of the factors; the root cause of the conflict can be traced back to the era of colonialism. Territorial boundaries originally brought about by colonial partition are today the sources of interstate conflict in the region. One of the crucial prerequisite for the peaceful resolution of conflicts and maintenance of peace agreements is based on the political willing of leaders in the region. Personal ambitions, corruptions, incompetence and lack of accountability of decision makers, aggravates political, social and economic instability in the Horn of Africa. In the past decades and still recently hundreds of thousands of people have fallen victims of conflicts caused by ruthless dictators of these countries. In addition to this, the Horn of Africa was also a battlefield between the rival super powers during the Cold War, which contributed to the devastation of social and economic life of the people.
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Inter-Clan Conflicts and the Long Journey to State-Building in Somalia – Internal and International Effects

100%
Gemechu D. K.
Przegląd Strategiczny
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2023
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issue 16
167-179
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest zbadanie i analiza konfliktu międzyklanowego i jego konsekwencji, a także roli organizacji subregionalnych i międzynarodowych, takich jak Unia Afrykańska, w rozwiązywaniu konfliktów i budowaniu pokoju w Somalii. W porównaniu z różnymi regionami Afryki, Róg Afryki był i jest regionem najbardziej dotkniętym konfliktami wewnętrznymi i zewnętrznymi. W tym regionie Somalia borykała się nie tylko z problemami klanowymi, ale także cierpiała z powodu rządów dyktatorskich. Hipoteza badawcza artykułu stwierdza, że tradycyjne struktury społeczne, na które składa się tożsamość klanowa i podklanowa, są głównymi czynnikami konfliktu, a inicjatywy pokojowe społeczności międzynarodowej nie przyniosły trwałego pokoju w Somalii. Pytania badawcze obejmują: Jakie są podstawowe przyczyny konfliktu somalijskiego? Jakie są skutki zaangażowania organizacji regionalnych i międzynarodowych w rozwiązywaniu konfliktów w Somalii? Dlaczego Somalijczycy, mimo że są najbardziej jednorodną grupą etniczną w Afryce, stoczyli jedną z najdłuższych wojen domowych w Somalii? Konflikt w Somalii, który zaczął się po upadku rządu centralnego w 1991 r., doprowadził do biedy i nędzy mieszkańców. Wśród państw Rogu Afryki Somalia okazała się jednym z najbardziej dotkniętych niestabilnością, kryzysami humanitarnymi i politycznymi. W artykule podjęto próbę zbadania głównych problemów, z jakimi borykała się Somalia po zakończeniu „zimnej wojny”, konsekwencji konfliktu oraz innych kwestii związanych z problemami społecznymi i politycznymi. Badania opierają się głównie na jakościowej metodzie analizy zbieranych danych.
EN
The main purpose of the article is to investigate and analyze the inter-clan conflict and its consequences as well as the role of subregional and international organizations such as African Unions in conflict resolution and peace-building efforts in Somalia. Compared to various regions in Africa, the Horn of Africa was the region that was the most affected by internal and external conflicts. In this region, Somalia faced not only Clan problems but also suffered from rule dictatorial rules. The research hypothesis states that, traditional social structures, comprising of the clan and sub-clan identity are the main factors of disagreement and the international community peace initiatives couldn’t bring lasting peace in Somalia. Investigation questions include: What are the root causes of Somali conflict? What are the effects of the role of regional and international organizations in Somali conflict resolution? Despite being the most homogeneous nations in Africa, why did Somalis have one of the longest civil wars in the Horn of Africa? The tension in Somalia which began after the downfall of the central government in Somalia in 1991 convoluted the well-being of the citizens in the region. Among the states of the Horn of Africa, Somalia turned out to be one the most affected regarding instability and humanitarian and political turmoil. This article tries to explore the main problems Somalia faced after the end of the Cold War, the consequences of the conflict and other issues related to social and political problems taken place in Somalia. The research mainly depends on the qualitative method of data collection analysis.
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