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1
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Raimo Pullat, Risto Pullat, Morze wódki. Przemyt spirytusu na Bałtyku w okresie międzywojennym, tłum. Elżbieta Juga, Anna Juga-Szymańska, Kraków 2013

100%
Rodak M.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2014
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vol. 74
2
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Monika Maludzińska, „Próżnowanie stało się powszechnym nałogiem”. Żebracy i włóczędzy w stanisławowskiej Warszawie, Warszawa 2014

100%
Rodak M.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2016
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vol. 76
3
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Fenomen hazardu („hazardziku”) ulicznego w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej. Casus województwa wileńskiego

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Rodak M.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2021
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vol. 128
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issue 2
601-635
EN
In October 1927, a presidential decree entered into force that regulated the treatment rules of gambling addicts. It was the first evidence of a change in thinking about those who could not cope with addiction. In practice, the new regulations did not change much; nevertheless, the problem that had been ridiculed until then slowly became an element of discourse, also a medical one. In fear of the uncontrolled development of institutions offering the opportunity to participate in strictly gambling entertainment (lotteries, races, bookmakers’ bets, casinos, etc.), a lottery monopoly was introduced at the dawn of the Second Republic of Poland. Horse racing was also nationalised. At the same time, however, together with state legal forms of gambling, the gambling underground was operating in interwar Poland, both the ‘exclusive’ (roulette parlours) and the plebeian one. The article deals with the latter.
PL
W październiku 1927 r. weszło w życie prezydenckie rozporządzenie, które regulowało zasady postępowania z osobami uzależnionymi od hazardu. To pierwsze świadectwo zmiany paradygmatu w myśleniu o tych, którzy nie radzili sobie z nałogiem. W praktyce nowe przepisy niewiele zmieniały, niemniej wykpiwany dotychczas problem powoli stawał się elementem dyskursu m.in. medycznego. W obawie przed niekontrolowanym rozwojem instytucji oferujących możliwość udziału w rozrywkach stricte hazardowych (loterie, wyścigi, zakłady bukmacherskie, kasyna itd.) już u zarania Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej wprowadzono monopol loteryjny. Upaństwowiono również proceder wyścigów konnych. Równocześnie jednak z państwowymi, legalnymi formami hazardu działało w Polsce międzywojennej podziemie hazardowe, to „ekskluzywne” (ruleciarnie), i to plebejskie. Temu drugiemu poświęcony jest niniejszy artykuł.
4
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Watchmen or Guards? The Prison Guard in the Second Polish Republic

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Rodak M.
Acta Poloniae Historica
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2018
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vol. 118
PL
The officer core of the Prison Guard (Straż Więzienna, SW), a formation established only as late as 1932, emerged from the narrow circle of persons associated with the Prison Section, which emerged in 1918. Its membership consisted of a small cadre of Polish guards who had gained experience in prisons controlled by the occupying powers. Unless they had worked in prisons before 1918, the rank-andfile of the SW consisted of demobilised and/or retired soldiers as well as of would-be or ex-policemen. ‘Street people’ in many cases, they treated the work as temporary or took it up as an easy job. The reality they faced on the other side of the wall quickly verified their convictions about the task they had accepted. As a result, the ranks of the SW were given to heavy rotation, evident up to 1939. Employees of the interwar prison system did not enjoy much public regard; for some, leaving the army to become a prison guard felt like social degradation. Aside from a few minor exceptions – such as prison breaks, stories of convict abuse – this peculiar group of workers was generally absent from the public narrative of the re-established state. Naturally, its problems were debated among experts, but these debates did not seep into the press as often as those concerning the police. For many years after 1918, the SW continued to be perceived through the nineteenthcentury image of the guard as watchman, a personification of the oppressive partition governments. SW functionaries associated with the labour union established in 1932 as well as the Przegląd Więziennictwa Polskiego (Polish Penal Review) magazine took up the daunting task of improving that image.The article provides an analysis of their efforts, attempting a response whether their goals were achieved, at least to a degree. My focus is on the public perception of the formation, while I also try to establish whether its foundation and development was perceived as a success (as was the case, for instance, with the police). My interests, however, are not limited to the media and public image of the SW corps, but also include the conditions under which its members laboured. In this context, I am particularly interested in the realities of the prison corridor; in the article, I attempt to describe the tenor of the relations between guards and prisoners in contemporary prisons (especially the prevailing aggression). Finally, I pursue a reconstruction of the image/s of the SW created by convicts, with particular focus on the significance of the change associated with the year 1918.My analysis leads to somewhat pessimistic conclusions. The major changes involved in the professionalization of the cadres and partial implementation of the prison reform that also affected the SW do not appear to have been satisfactory. Attempts to dismantle stereotypes of the guards could only achieve limited success, and the SW remained a formation of thoroughly dubious quality.
5
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Nielegalny hazard w II Rzeczypospolitej. Rekonesans badawczy

100%
Rodak M.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2011
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vol. 71
PL
Illegal Gambling in the Second Republic of Poland. A Research Reconnaissance(Summary)The article is an attempt at presenting widely comprehended illegal gambling in the Second Republic of Poland (i.e. such games as roulette, poker or craps in which the outcome depends in sheer luck and not the players’ skills), with consideration for its multi-aspect character. The text is a research reconnaissance limited to the area of pre-war Warsaw. The author treats illegal gambling in the Polish capital as a point of departure for general theses on the subject, referring to urban centres across the whole country to indicate those features of pre-war illegal gambling, which remained typical for Warsaw. The article is based on such sources as the local press and police-court-prison documentation as well as associated normative acts. Illegal gambling is discussed on several levels, first and foremost, its legal situation in the Republic, followed by its assorted forms and organisation, and, finally, the environment of its organisers and participants.
6
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Międzywojenna polska debata kryminologiczna-poszukiwanie społecznych przyczyn przestępczości i sposobów jej zwalczania

100%
Rodak M.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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2009
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issue XXXI
101-145
EN
This article is an attempt of a summary of the debate, pending in Poland in the interwar period, on the issues related to the etiology and methods of preventing and / or controlling crime. Analyzing these two highly interrelated and interdependent problems, the author decided to take into consideration the clear-cut division in criminology prevailing in the interwar period and to reflect it in the structure of the article. Thus, the text is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the causes of crime, the second the criminal policy. However, the text is not an analysis of all the causes of crime. The author focuses on discussion of the interwar views on the social causes of crime held by persons or institutions related, on various different levels, to criminology. Accordingly, the section on criminal policy includes response to crimes being, at least in theory, a result of social causes. The autor of the article faced the problem to attempt to collect and present ideas on social causes and method of preventing and / or combating crime published in the interwar period. The study covers articles and books, in which the above-mentioned problems have been discussed both by scientists (criminologists, lawyers, doctors, psychologists, and sociologists) and laymen (journalists, publicists, community workers, and politicians). In this text, the attempts to analyze the opinions expressed by the latter of the aforementioned groups is a significantly new thing. The views of people not directly related to the academic community at that time were rarely taken into the consideration while discussing criminological theoretical considerations of the interwar period. The point of departure of this text is assumption of the thesis that in the interwar debate on the broad issue of crime, the views which favoured social factors in generating crime were significantly dominant. It should be recalled that on the other side of the dispute there remained a theory of special importance of so-called endogenous factors. It was argued that the specific psycho - physical construction of a man makes him predisposed to become a criminal. This was an aftermath of a C. Lombroso’s theory, already modified in the interwar period. It should be noted that his theory in Poland was not received unquestioningly. However, the dispute between supporters of exogenous and endogenous factors took place in interwar Poland. A strong trend was a school trying to combine the two trends, taking into account the reasons of both parties as typically they did not exclude. This should be regarded as a unique achievement of the Polish criminology of the interwar period.
7
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Skazani z Warszawy osadzeni w więzieniu karnym "Mokotów" w latach 1918-1939. Obraz statystyczny i próba charakterystyki (ustalenia wstępne)

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Rodak M.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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2012
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issue XXXIV
629-663
EN
Within twenty years of Second Polish Republic over 20,000 prisoners passed through the Criminal Prison "Mokotów". Nearly 13,000 prisoners of this group came from Warsaw. Thanks to the well-preserved original documentation, which consists of the personal records of prisoners of Mokotow prison, the chance to begin research on the functioning of that specific environment opens for historians. Especially that until now all the historical narratives describing the society of the Second Republic neglect the thread of crime and criminals in social history. This article is the result of search query that started in 2010 and includes qualitative and quantitative analysis of more than 20,000 archiving units from archive of Criminal Prison „Mo-kotów”. The research was conducted thanks to a scientific grant funded by the National Cen-tre for Science (Grant No. NN108268139). The final result of the query should be a study of the environment of the interwar prisoners detained in Mokotów, as well as other selected pris-ons of smaller prison districts like Płock, Łowicz, Sieradz, Łódź and Lublin. The subject of the analysis contained in the article is a community defined as "convicts from Warsaw", i.e. prisoners who lived within the limits of the then Warsaw, when placed in the institution. The selection of this group of prisoners, rather than the presentation of the whole environment, is a result of two factors. The first one is the volume of the article that prevents one from a presentation of a comprehensive picture of the whole criminal environment. On the other hand, the geographical restriction allows the query to cover a very actual social group, which was a part of the interwar capital’s reality. The archives of Mokotów prison in addition to the documents on the operation of the institution primarily consist of personal acts of the detained. They are the basis of the analysis presented in the article. A little more than 2,000 files from among more than 20,000 thousand personal sheets of prisoners detained between 1918 - 1939 were selected to complete the analysis. There was no any special key of selection established, every tenth folder was selected. The collected statistical material based on data which were contained in all the questionnaires and which can be analyzed over the entire twenty years. The appearance and the content of the questionnaire changed three times. There was a fixed set of data, which remained unchanged in every version, and certain positions occurring only in one of each versions. For example, in the first version of the questionnaire the information about the number of children and military service were given. Since the mid-20s the questions about these issues disappear from the personal sheet. The available data allowed to create a list of characteristics on which the analysis presented in the article was carried out.
8
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Międzywojenni kasiarze. Analiza środowiskowa na przykładzie Warszawy

100%
Rodak M.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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2019
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issue XLI/1
497-536
EN
The interwar period is sometimes described as the golden era of safe-breakers. This era is said to have begun at the beginning of the twentieth century, whereas the second half of the 1930s marks its end. The largest group of safe-breakers was comprised of criminals from Warsaw (over 200 people). This article attempts to analyse this environment with additional elements of prosopography. I would like to answer the question of who these safe-breakers of Warsaw during the interwar period were and to attempt to reconstruct the courses of their ‘careers’ alongside the question of motive. An especially interesting aspect is their social background. The article concludes with thoughts on the connections between the reality at that time and the current idea of an interwar safe-breaker.
PL
Okres międzywojenny bywa nazywany „złotą erą kasiarzy”. Jej początek datuje się na przełom dwóch pierwszych dekad XX w. Jednocześnie druga połowa lat 30. to zmierzch kasiarskiego świata. Najliczniejszą w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej grupę kasiarzy tworzyli przestępcy warszawscy (ponad 200 osób). Artykuł stanowi próbę analizy środowiskowej z elementami prozopografii. Szukam odpowiedzi na pytania o to, kim byli warszawscy kasiarze okresu międzywojennego. Szczególnie interesujące pozostaje zagadnienie dotyczące ich pochodzenia społecznego, a także próba rekonstrukcji przebiegu ich „karier” przestępczych oraz pytanie o motywacje. Artykuł kończą rozważania dotyczące relacji między ówczesną rzeczywistością a funkcjonującym obecnie obrazem międzywojennych kasiarzy.
9
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Złodzieje w międzywojennym Lublinie. Analiza historyczno-kryminologiczna

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Rodak M.
Res Historica
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2023
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issue 56
507-557
EN
The article, the subject of which places it in the field of Urban Studies, is an attempt to present a multi-faceted characterization of the community of thieves in Lublin in the interwar period. For this purpose, methods of statistical and criminological analysis and GIS technology were used. First, the estimated size of the study group was determined. When reconstructing its characteristics, the influence of various variables (mainly sex and religion of the perpetrators of the theft) was taken into account. An initial description of the socio-professional structure of the environment was made. Thanks to the use of GIS technology, the local structure of the thieves’ place of residence and theft was reconstructed. By taking into account various variables, the pattern of criminal behaviour functioning in interwar Lublin was described. At the same time, the aggregation of the available data made it possible to construct a map of the then Lublin crime hotspots (i.e. areas characterized by a significant „concentration of pathological phenomena”). Finally, the author tried to answer the question of what motivated some of the then inhabitants of Lublin to resort to stealing.This is the first attempt to describe the spatial conditions of non-normative behaviour in the Second Polish Republic. Polish historiography of that period has not analysed the mutual relations between the nature of local criminal circles and the multidimensional specificity of the places where they functioned. Such research, mainly concerning the phenomenon of prostitution, is slowly becoming a standard in the historiography of Anglo-Saxon countries. The author hopes that the article will encourage similar studies to be undertaken in other cities of interwar Poland. The sum of such studies will make it possible to carry out broader analyses in the future, the results of which will complement the findings of Anglo-Saxon historiography.
PL
Artykuł, którego tematyka mieści się w nurcie badań Urban studies, stanowi próbę prezentacji wieloaspektowej charakterystyki środowiska lubelskich złodziei okresu międzywojennego. W tym celu wykorzystano metody analizy statystycznej, kryminologicznej oraz technologię GIS. W pierwszej kolejności określono szacunkową liczebności badanej grupy. Rekonstruując jej charakterystykę uwzględniono wpływ różnorodnych zmiennych (przede wszystkim płci i wyznania sprawców kradzieży). Dokonano wstępnego opisu struktury społeczno-zawodowej środowiska. Dzięki wykorzystaniu technologii GIS odtworzono lokalną strukturę miejsca zamieszkania złodziei oraz dokonywania kradzieży. Uwzględnienie różnorodnych zmiennych pozwoliło opisać funkcjonujący w międzywojennym Lublinie schemat zachowań przestępczych. Jednocześnie zagregowanie dostępnych danych umożliwiło skonstruowanie mapy ówczesnych lubelskich hot-spotów przestępczości (tj. obszarów, które charakteryzowały się znaczną „koncentracją zjawisk patologicznych”). W końcu autor postarał się udzielić odpowiedzi na pytanie o przyczyny, dla których część ówczesnych lublinian podejmowała decyzję o dokonaniu kradzieży.Jest to pierwsza próba opisu przestrzennych uwarunkowań zachowań nienormatywnych w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej. Jak dotąd w polskich badaniach okresu międzywojennego nie podejmowano analiz dotyczących wzajemnych relacji między charakterem lokalnych środowisk przestępczych, a wielowymiarową specyfiką miejsc, w których funkcjonowały. Badania takie, dotyczące głównie zjawiska prostytucji, stają się powoli standardem w historiografii krajów anglosaskich. Autor liczy na to, że artykuł stanie się zachętą do podejmowania analogicznych studiów dla innych miast Polski międzywojennej. Suma takich badań pozwoli w przyszłości na przeprowadzenie szerszych analiz, których wyniki uzupełnią ustalenia historiografii anglosaskiej.
10
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Schroniska dla bezdomnych w międzywojennej Warszawie

75%
Rodak M.
Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje
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2011
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issue 15
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